The primary structure of a SQL query is its statement. Whether a statement stands on its own, or is part of a multi-statement query, each statement must end with a semicolon. The following example contains four common SQL statements—CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, and COMMIT:

=> CREATE TABLE comments (id INT, comment VARCHAR);
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO comments VALUES (1, 'Hello World');
OUTPUT
--------
1
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM comments;
 id |   comment
----+-------------
  1 | Hello World
(1 row)

=> COMMIT;
COMMIT
=>

1 - ACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY

Activates a directed query and makes it available to the query optimizer across all sessions.

Syntax

ACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY [ query-name ]

Parameters

*query-name*: Identifies the directed query to activate. If omitted, Vertica activates the last-created directed query. To obtain identifiers for directed queries, use GET DIRECTED QUERY, or query the system table DIRECTED_QUERIES.

Privileges

Superuser

Activation life cycle

After you activate a directed query, it remains active until it is explicitly deactivated by DEACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY or removed from storage by DROP DIRECTED QUERY. If a directed query is active at the time of database shutdown, Vertica automatically reactivates it when you restart the database.

Examples

See Activating and deactivating directed queries.

2 - ALTER statements

ALTER statements let you change existing database objects.

2.1 - ALTER ACCESS POLICY

Performs one of the following actions on existing access policies:.

Performs one of the following actions on existing access policies:

Modify an access policy by changing its expression, and by enabling/disabling the policy.
Copy an access policy from one table to another.

Syntax

Modify policy:

ALTER ACCESS POLICY ON [[database.]schema.]table
   { FOR COLUMN column [ expression ] | FOR ROWS [ WHERE expression ] } { GRANT TRUSTED } { ENABLE | DISABLE }

Copy policy:

ALTER ACCESS POLICY ON [[database.]schema.]table
   { FOR COLUMN column | FOR ROWS } COPY TO TABLE table;

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*table*

The name of the table that contains the access policy you want to enable, disable, or copy.

FOR COLUMN column [expression]

Replaces the access policy expression that was previously set for this column. Omit expression from the FOR COLUMN clause in order to enable or disable this policy only, or copy it to another table.

FOR ROWS [WHERE expression]

Replaces the row access policy expression that was previously set for this table. Omit WHERE expression from the FOR ROWS clause in order to enable or disable this policy only, or copy it to another table.

GRANT TRUSTED

Specifies that GRANT statements take precedence over the access policy in determining whether users can perform DML operations on the target table. If omitted, users can only modify table data if the access policy allows them to see the stored data in its original, unaltered state. For more information, see Access policies and DML operations.

Important

GRANT TRUSTED only affects DML operations and does not enable users to see data that the access policy would otherwise mask. Specifying this option may allow users with certain grants to update data that they cannot see.

ENABLE | DISABLE

Indicates whether to enable or disable the access policy at the table level.

COPY TO TABLE tablename

Copies the existing access policy to the specified table. The copied access policy includes its enabled/disabled and GRANT TRUSTED statuses.

The following requirements apply:

Copying a column access policy:
- The target table must have a column of the same name and compatible data type.
- The target colum must not have an access policy.
Copying a row access policy: The target table must not have an access policy.

Privileges

Modify access policy

Non-superuser: Ownership of the table

Copy access policy

Non-superuser: Ownership of the source and destination tables

Examples

See Managing access policies

2.2 - ALTER AUTHENTICATION

Modifies the settings for a specified authentication method.

Syntax

ALTER AUTHENTICATION auth_method_name {
   | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
   | { LOCAL | HOST [ { TLS | NO TLS } ] host_ip_address }
   | RENAME TO new_auth_method_name
   | METHOD value
   | SET param=value[,...]
   | PRIORITY value }

Parameters

Parameter Name	Description
`auth_method_name`	Name of the authentication method that you want to create. Type: VARCHAR
`ENABLE \| DISABLE`	Enable or disable the specified authentication method. Default: Enabled When you perform an upgrade and use Kerberos authentication, you must manually set the authentication to ENABLE as it is disabled by default.
`LOCAL \| HOST [ { TLS \| NO TLS }` `host_ip_address`	Specify that the authentication method applies to local or remote (`HOST`) connections. For authentication methods that use LDAP, specify whether or not LDAP uses Transport Layer Security (TLS). For remote (`HOST`) connections, you must specify the IP address of the host from which the user or application is connecting, VARCHAR. Vertica supports IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
`RENAME TO` `new_auth_method_name`	Rename the authentication record. Type: VARCHAR
`METHOD` `value`	The authentication method you are altering.
`SET` `param``=``value`	Set a parameter name and value for the authentication method that you are creating. This is required for LDAP, Ident, and OAuth authentication methods. OAuth uses the following parameters: `client_id`: The ID of the confidential client application registered in the identity provider. Vertica uses this ID to call the introspection API to retrieve user grants. `client_secret`: The secret of the confidential client application registered in the identity provider. This value Vertica-specific is not shared with other clients. `discovery_url`: (Keycloak only) Also known as the OpenID Provider Configuration Document or the well-known configuration endpoint, this endpoint contains information about the configuration and endpoints of the identity provider. If you specify the `discovery_url` and not the `introspect_url`, Vertica automatically retrieves the `introspect_url` from the identity provider. If you specify both the `discovery_url` and `introspect_url`, the `discovery_url` takes precedence. `introspect_url`: Used by Vertica to introspect (validate) access tokens. You must specify this parameter if you do not specify the `discovery_url`. For examples, see the Keycloak and Okta documentation. ALTER AUTHENTICATION validates the parameters you enter. See parameters for specific authentication types in Client authentication.
`PRIORITY` `value`	If the user is associated with multiple authentication methods, the priority value specifies which authentication method Vertica tries first. Default: 0 Type: INTEGER Higher values indicate higher priorities. For example, a priority of 10 is higher than a priority of 5; priority 0 is the lowest possible value. For details, see Authentication record priority.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Enabling and Disabling Authentication Methods

This example uses ALTER AUTHENTICATION to disable the v_ldap authentication method and then enable it again:

=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION v_ldap DISABLE;
=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION v_ldap ENABLE;

Renaming Authentication Methods

This example renames the v_kerberos authentication method to K5. All users who have been granted the v_kerberos authentication method now have the K5 method granted instead.

=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION v_kerberos RENAME TO K5;

Modifying Authentication Parameters

This example sets the system user for ident1 authentication to user1:

=> CREATE AUTHENTICATION ident1 METHOD 'ident' LOCAL;
=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION ident1 SET system_users='user1';

When you set or modify LDAP or Ident parameters using ALTER AUTHENTICATION, Vertica validates them.

This example changes the IP address and specifies the parameters for an LDAP authentication method named Ldap1. Specify the bind parameters for the LDAP server. Vertica connects to the LDAP server, which authenticates the database client. If authentication succeeds, Vertica authenticates any users who have been associated with (granted) the Ldap1 authentication method on the designated LDAP server:

=> CREATE AUTHENTICATION Ldap1 METHOD 'ldap' HOST '172.16.65.196';

=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION Ldap1 SET host='ldap://172.16.65.177',
   binddn_prefix='cn=', binddn_suffix=',dc=qa_domain,dc=com';

The next example specifies the parameters for an LDAP authentication method named Ldap2. Specify the LDAP search and bind parameters. Sometimes, Vertica does not have enough information to create the distinguished name (DN) for a user attempting to authenticate. In such cases, you must specify to use LDAP search and bind:

=> CREATE AUTHENTICATION Ldap2 METHOD 'ldap' HOST '172.16.65.196';
=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION Ldap2 SET basedn='dc=qa_domain,dc=com',
   binddn='cn=Manager,dc=qa_domain,
   dc=com',search_attribute='cn',bind_password='secret';

Changing the Authentication Method

This example changes the localpwd authentication from hash to trust:

=> CREATE AUTHENTICATION localpwd METHOD 'hash' LOCAL;
=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION localpwd METHOD 'trust';

Set Multiple Realms

This example sets another realm for the authentication method krb_local:


=> ALTER AUTHENTICATION krb_local set realm = 'COMPANY.COM';

2.3 - ALTER CA BUNDLE

Adds and removes certificates from or changes the owner of a certificate authority (CA) bundle.

Syntax

ALTER CA BUNDLE name
        [ADD CERTIFICATES ca_cert[, ca_cert[, ...]]
        [REMOVE CERTIFICATES ca_cert[, ca_cert[, ...]]
        [OWNER TO user]

Parameters

name: The name of the CA bundle.
ca_cert: The name of the CA certificate to add or remove from the bundle.
user: The name of a database user.

Privileges

Ownership of the CA bundle.

Examples

See Managing CA bundles.

2.4 - ALTER DATABASE

Use ALTER DATABASE to perform the following tasks:.

Use ALTER DATABASE to perform the following tasks:

Drop all fault groups and their child fault groups from a database.
Restore down nodes, and revert active standby nodes to standby status.
Specify the subnet name of a public network to use for import/export.
Set and clear database configuration parameters.

To see the current value of a parameter, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS or use SHOW DATABASE.

Syntax

ALTER DATABASE db-spec {
      DROP ALL FAULT GROUP
      | EXPORT ON { subnet-name | DEFAULT }
      | RESET STANDBY
      | SET [PARAMETER] parameter=value [,...]
      | CLEAR [PARAMETER] parameter[,...]
}

Parameters

db-spec

Specifies the database to alter, one of the following:

The database name
DEFAULT: The current database

DROP ALL FAULT GROUP

Drops all fault groups defined on the specified database.

EXPORT ON

Specifies the network to use for importing and exporting data, one of the following:

subnet-name: A subnet of the public network.
DEFAULT: Specifies to use a private network.

For details, see Identify the database or nodes used for import/export, and Changing node export addresses.

RESET STANDBY

Enterprise Mode only, restores all down nodes and reverts their replacement nodes to standby status. If any replaced nodes cannot resume activity, Vertica leaves their standby nodes in place.

SET [PARAMETER]

Sets the specified parameters.

CLEAR [PARAMETER]

Resets the specified parameters to their default values.

Privileges

Superuser

2.5 - ALTER FAULT GROUP

Modifies an existing fault group.

Modifies an existing fault group. For example, use the ALTER FAULT GROUP statement to:

Add a node to or drop a node from an existing fault group
Add a child fault group to or drop a child fault group from a parent fault group
Rename a fault group

Syntax

ALTER FAULT GROUP fault-group-name {
    | ADD NODE node-name
    | DROP NODE node-name
    | ADD FAULT GROUP child-fault-group-name
    | DROP FAULT GROUP child-fault-group-name
    | RENAME TO new-fault-group-name }

Parameters

fault-group-name: The existing fault group name you want to modify.

Tip
For a list of all fault groups defined in the cluster, query the FAULT_GROUPS system table.
node-name: The node name you want to add to or drop from the existing (parent) fault group.
child-fault-group-name: The name of the child fault group you want to add to or remove from an existing parent fault group.
new-fault-group-name: The new name for the fault group you want to rename.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example shows how to rename the parent0 fault group to parent100:

=> ALTER FAULT GROUP parent0 RENAME TO parent100;
ALTER FAULT GROUP

Verify the change by querying the FAULT_GROUPS system table:

=> SELECT member_name FROM fault_groups;
   member_name
----------------------
v_exampledb_node0003
parent100
mygroup
(3 rows)

2.6 - ALTER FUNCTION statements

Vertica provides ALTER statements for each type of user-defined extension.

Vertica provides ALTER statements for each type of user-defined extension. Each ALTER statement modifies the metadata of a user-defined function in the Vertica catalog:

ALTER statement	Extension
ALTER FUNCTION (scalar)	User-defined scalar functions (UDSFs)
ALTER AGGREGATE FUNCTION	User-defined aggregate functions (UDAFs)
ALTER ANALYTIC FUNCTION	User-defined analytic functions (UDAnF)
ALTER TRANSFORM FUNCTION	User-defined transform functions (UDTFs)
ALTER statements for user-defined load:
• ALTER SOURCE	Load source functions
• ALTER FILTER	Load filter functions
• ALTER PARSER	Load parser functions

Vertica also provides ALTER FUNCTION (SQL), which modifies the metadata of a user-defined SQL function.

2.6.1 - ALTER AGGREGATE FUNCTION

Alters a user-defined aggregate function.

Syntax

ALTER AGGREGATE FUNCTION [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
function-name: Name of the SQL function to alter.
arg-list: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

For these operations...	Schema privileges required...
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.6.2 - ALTER ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Alters a user-defined analytic function.

Syntax

ALTER ANALYTIC FUNCTION [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED boolean-expr
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.6.3 - ALTER FILTER

Alters a user-defined filter.

Syntax

ALTER FILTER [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED boolean-expr
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.6.4 - ALTER FUNCTION (scalar)

Alters a user-defined scalar function.

Syntax

ALTER FUNCTION [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED boolean-expr
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

Examples

Rename function UDF_one to UDF_two:

=> ALTER FUNCTION UDF_one (int, int) RENAME TO UDF_two;

Move function UDF_two to schema macros:

=> ALTER FUNCTION UDF_two (int, int) SET SCHEMA macros;

Disable fenced mode for function UDF_two:

=> ALTER FUNCTION UDF_two (int, int) SET FENCED false;

2.6.5 - ALTER FUNCTION (SQL)

Alters a user-defined SQL function.

Syntax

ALTER FUNCTION [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [arg-list] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
function-name: The name of the SQL function to alter.
arg-list: A comma-delimited list of function argument names. If none, specify an empty list.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

For these operations...	Schema privileges required...
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

Examples

Rename function SQL_one to SQL_two:

=> ALTER FUNCTION SQL_one (int, int) RENAME TO SQL_two;

Move function SQL_two to schema macros:

=> ALTER FUNCTION SQL_two (int, int) SET SCHEMA macros;

Reassign ownership of SQL_two:

=> ALTER FUNCTION SQL_two (int, int) OWNER TO user1;

2.6.6 - ALTER PARSER

Alters a user-defined parser.

Syntax

ALTER PARSER [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED boolean-expr
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.6.7 - ALTER SOURCE

Alters a user-defined load source function.

Syntax

ALTER SOURCE [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED boolean-expr
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.6.8 - ALTER TRANSFORM FUNCTION

Alters a user-defined transform function.

Syntax

ALTER TRANSFORM FUNCTION [[db-name.]schema.]function-name( [ parameter-list ] ) {
    OWNER TO new-owner
    | RENAME TO new-name
    | SET FENCED { true | false }
    | SET SCHEMA new-schema
}

Parameters

[db-name.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*function-name*: Name of the function to alter.
*parameter-list*: Comma-delimited list of parameters that are defined for this function. If none, specify an empty list.

Note
Vertica supports function overloading, and uses the parameter list to identify the function to alter.
OWNER TO new-owner: Transfers function ownership to another user.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames this function.
SET FENCED { true | false }: Specifies whether to enable fenced mode for this function.
SET SCHEMA new-schema: Moves the function to another schema.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Function owner
ALTER privilege on the function

For certain operations, non-superusers must also have the following schema privileges:

Operation	Schema privileges required
RENAME TO (rename function)	CREATE, USAGE
SET SCHEMA (move function to another schema)	CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema

2.7 - ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA

Alters parameter values on a schema that was created with CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA.

Alters parameter values on a schema that was created with CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA. HCatalog schemas are used by the HCatalog Connector to access data stored in a Hive data warehouse. For more information, see Using the HCatalog Connector.

Some parameters cannot be altered after creation. If you need to change one of those values, delete and recreate the schema instead. You can use ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA to change the following parameters:

HOSTNAME
PORT
HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME
WEBSERVICE_HOSTNAME
WEBSERVICE_PORT
WEBHDFS_ADDRESS
HCATALOG_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT
HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_LIMIT
HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_TIME
SSL_CONFIG
CUSTOM_PARTITIONS

Syntax

ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA schema-name SET [param=value]+;

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`schema-name`	The name of the schema in the Vertica catalog to alter. The tables in the Hive database are available through this schema.
`param`	The name of the parameter to alter.
`value`	The new value for the parameter. You must specify a value; this statement does not read default values from configuration files like `CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA`.

Privileges

One of the following:

Superuser
Schema owner

Examples

The following example shows how to change the Hive metastore hostname and port for the "hcat" schema. In this example, Hive uses High Availability metastore.

=> ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat SET HOSTNAME='thrift://ms1.example.com:9083,thrift://ms2.example.com:9083';

The following example shows the error you receive if you try to set an unalterable parameter.

=> ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat SET HCATALOG_USER='admin';
   ERROR 4856: Syntax error at or near "HCATALOG_USER" at character 39

2.8 - ALTER LIBRARY

Replaces the library file that is currently associated with a UDx library in the Vertica catalog.

Replaces the library file that is currently associated with a UDx library in the Vertica catalog. Vertica automatically distributes copies of the updated file to all cluster nodes. UDxs defined in the catalog that reference the updated library automatically start using the updated library file. A UDx is considered to be the same if its name and signature match.

The current and replacement libraries must be written in the same language.

Caution

If a UDx function that is present in the original library is not present in the updated library, it is automatically dropped. This can result in loss of data if that function is in use, for example if a table depends on it to populate a column.

Syntax

ALTER LIBRARY [[database.]schema.]name [DEPENDS 'depends-path'] AS 'path';

Arguments

schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

name

The name of an existing library created with CREATE LIBRARY.

DEPENDS 'depends-path'

Files or libraries on which this library depends, one or more files or directories on the initiator node file system or other supported file systems or object stores. For a directory, end the path entry with a slash (/), optionally followed by a wildcard (*). To specify more than one file, separate entries with colons (:).

If any path entry contain colons, such as a URI, place brackets around the entire DEPENDS path and use double quotes for the individual path elements, as in the following example:

DEPENDS '["s3://mybucket/gson-2.3.1.jar"]'

To specify libraries with multiple directory levels, see Multi-level Library Dependencies.

DEPENDS has no effect for libraries written in R. R packages must be installed locally on each node, including external dependencies.

Important

The performance of CREATE LIBRARY can degrade in Eon Mode, in proportion to the number and depth of dependencies specified by the DEPENDS clause.

AS path

The absolute path on the initiator node file system of the replacement library file.

Privileges

Superuser, or UDXDEVELOPER and CREATE on the schema. Non-superusers must explicitly enable the UDXDEVELOPER role. See CREATE LIBRARY for examples.

Multi-level library dependencies

If a DEPENDS clause specifies a library with multiple directory levels, Vertica follows the library path to include all subdirectories of that library. For example, the following CREATE LIBRARY statement enables the UDx library mylib to import all Python packages and modules that it finds in subdirectories of site-packages:

=> CREATE LIBRARY mylib AS '/path/to/python_udx' DEPENDS '/path/to/python/site-packages' LANGUAGE 'Python';

Important

DEPENDS can specify Java library dependencies that are up to 100 levels deep.

Examples

This example shows how to update an already-defined library named myFunctions with a new file.

=> ALTER LIBRARY myFunctions AS '/home/dbadmin/my_new_functions.so';

2.9 - ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP

Changes the configuration of a load balance group.

Syntax

ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP group-name {
    RENAME TO new-name |
    SET FILTER TO 'ip-cidr-addr' |
    SET POLICY TO 'policy' |
    ADD {ADDRESS | FAULT GROUP | SUBCLUSTER} add-list |
    DROP  {ADDRESS | FAULT GROUP | SUBCLUSTER} drop-list
}

Parameters

group-name

Name of an existing load balance group to change.

RENAME TO new-name

Renames the group to new-name.

SET FILTER TO 'ip-cidr-addr'

An IPv4 or IPv6 CIDR to replace the existing IP address filter that selects which members of a fault group or subcluster to include in the load balance group. This setting is only valid if the load balance group contains fault groups or subclusters.

SET POLICY TO 'policy'

Changes the policy the load balance group uses to select the target node for the incoming connection. One of:

ROUNDROBIN
RANDOM
NONE

See CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP for details.

ADD {ADDRESS | FAULT GROUP | SUBCLUSTER }

Adds objects of the specified type to the load balance group. Load balance groups can only contain one type of object. For example, if you created the load balance group using a list of addresses, you can only add additional addresses, not fault groups or subclusters.

add-list

A comma-delimited list of objects (addresses, fault groups, or subclusters) to add to the fault group.

DROP {ADDRESS | FAULT GROUP | SUBCLUSTER}

Removes objects of the specified type from the load balance group (addresses, fault groups, or subclusters). The object type must match the type of the objects already in the load balance group.

drop-list

The list of objects to remove from the load balance group.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Remove an address from the load balance group named group_2.

=> SELECT * FROM LOAD_BALANCE_GROUPS;
  name   |   policy   | filter |         type          | object_name
---------+------------+--------+-----------------------+-------------
 group_1 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Network Address Group | node01
 group_1 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Network Address Group | node02
 group_2 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Network Address Group | node03
(3 rows)

=> ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_2 DROP ADDRESS node03;
ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP

=> SELECT * FROM LOAD_BALANCE_GROUPS;
  name   |   policy   | filter |         type          | object_name
---------+------------+--------+-----------------------+-------------
 group_1 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Network Address Group | node01
 group_1 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Network Address Group | node02
 group_2 | ROUNDROBIN |        | Empty Group           |
(3 rows)

The following example adds three network addresses to the group named group_2:

=> ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_2 ADD ADDRESS node01,node02,node03;
ALTER LOAD BALANCE GROUP
=> SELECT * FROM load_balance_groups WHERE name = 'group_2';
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------------------
name        | group_2
policy      | ROUNDROBIN
filter      |
type        | Network Address Group
object_name | node01
-[ RECORD 2 ]----------------------
name        | group_2
policy      | ROUNDROBIN
filter      |
type        | Network Address Group
object_name | node02
-[ RECORD 3 ]----------------------
name        | group_2
policy      | ROUNDROBIN
filter      |
type        | Network Address Group
object_name | node03

2.10 - ALTER MODEL

Allows users to rename an existing model, change ownership, or move it to a another schema.

Syntax

ALTER MODEL [[database.]schema.]model
   { OWNER TO owner
     | RENAME TO new-name
     | SET SCHEMA schema
 }

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
model: Identifies the model to alter.
OWNER TO owner: Reassigns ownership of this model to owner. If a non-superuser, you must be the current owner.
RENAME TO: Renames the mode, where new-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.
SET SCHEMA schema: Moves the model from one schema to another.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Model owner
ALTER privilege on the model

For certain operations, non-superusers must have the following schema privileges:

Schema privileges required...	For these operations...
CREATE, USAGE	Rename model
CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema	Move model to another schema

Examples

See Altering models.

2.11 - ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS

Changes the configuration of an existing network address.

Syntax

ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS name {
    RENAME TO new-name
    | SET TO 'ip-addr' [PORT port-number]
    | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    }

Parameters

name: Name of an existing network address to change.
RENAME TO new-name: Renames the network address to new-name. This name change has no effect on the network address's membership in load balance groups.
SET TO 'ip-addr': Changes the IP address assigned to the network address.
PORT port-number: Sets the port number for the network address. You must supply a network address when altering the port number.
ENABLE | DISABLE: Enables or disables the network address.

Examples

Rename the network address from test_addr to alt_node1, then change its IP address to 192.168.1.200 with port number 4000:

=> ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS test_addr RENAME TO alt_node1;
ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS
=> ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS alt_node1 SET TO '192.168.1.200' PORT 4000;
ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS

2.12 - ALTER NETWORK INTERFACE

This statement has been deprecated.

Deprecated

This statement has been deprecated. Instead, use ALTER NETWORK ADDRESS.

Renames a network interface.

Syntax

ALTER NETWORK INTERFACE network-interface-name RENAME TO new-network-interface-name

Parameters

network-interface-name: The name of the existing network interface.
new-network-interface-name: The new name for the network interface.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Rename a network interface:

=> ALTER NETWORK INTERFACE myNetwork RENAME TO myNewNetwork;

2.13 - ALTER NODE

Sets and clears node-level configuration parameters on the specified node.

Sets and clears node-level configuration parameters on the specified node. ALTER NODE also performs the following management tasks:

Changes the node type.
Specifies the network interface of the public network on individual nodes that are used for import and export.
Replaces a down node.

For information about removing a node, see

Syntax

ALTER NODE node-name {
    EXPORT ON { network-interface | DEFAULT }
    | [IS] node-type
    | REPLACE [ WITH standby-node ]
    | RESET
    | SET [PARAMETER] parameter=value[,...]
    | CLEAR [PARAMETER] parameter[,...]
}

Parameters

node-name

The name of the node to alter.

[IS] node-type

Changes the node type, where node-type is one of the following:

PERMANENT: (default): A node that stores data.
EPHEMERAL: A node that is in transition from one type to another—typically, from PERMANENT to either STANDBY or EXECUTE.
STANDBY: A node that is reserved to replace any node when it goes down. A standby node stores no segments or data until it is called to replace a down node. When used as a replacement node, Vertica changes its type to PERMANENT. For more information, see Active standby nodes.
EXECUTE: A node that is reserved for computation purposes only. An execute node contains no segments or data.

Note

STANDBY and EXECUTE node types are supported only in Enterprise Mode.

EXPORT ON

Specifies the network to use for importing and exporting data, one of the following:

network-interface: The name of a network interface of the public network.
DEFAULT: Use the default network interface of the public network, as specified by ALTER DATABASE.

REPLACE [WITH standby-node]

Enterprise Mode only, replaces the specified node with an available active standby node. If you omit the WITH clause, Vertica tries to find a replacement node from the same fault group as the down node.

If you specify a node that is not down, Vertica ignores this statement.

RESET

Enterprise Mode only, restores the specified down node and returns its replacement to standby status. If the down node cannot resume activity, Vertica ignores this statement and leaves the standby node in place.

SET [PARAMETER]

Sets one or more configuration parameters to the specified value at the node level.

CLEAR [PARAMETER]

Clears one or more specified configuration parameters.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Specify to use the default network interface of public network on v_vmart_node0001 for import/export operations:

=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 EXPORT ON DEFAULT;

Replace down node v_vmart_node0001 with an active standby node, then restore it:

=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 REPLACE WITH standby1;
...
=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 RESET;

Set and clear configuration parameter MaxClientSessions:

=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 SET MaxClientSessions = 0;
...
=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 CLEAR MaxClientSessions;

Set the node type as EPHEMERAL:

=> ALTER NODE v_vmart_node0001 IS EPHEMERAL;

2.14 - ALTER NOTIFIER

Updates an existing notifier.

Note

To change the action URL associated with an existing identifier, drop the notifier and recreate it.

Syntax

ALTER NOTIFIER notifier-name
    [ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
    [ MAXPAYLOAD 'max-payload-size' ]
    [ MAXMEMORYSIZE 'max-memory-size' ]
    [ TLSMODE 'tls-mode' ]
    [ CA BUNDLE bundle-name [ CERTIFICATE certificate-name ] ]
    [ IDENTIFIED BY 'uuid' ]
    [ [NO] CHECK COMMITTED ]
    [ PARAMETERS 'adapter-params' ]

Parameters

notifier-name

Specifies the notifier to update.

[NO] CHECK COMMITTED

Specifies to wait for delivery confirmation before sending the next message in the queue. Not all messaging systems support delivery confirmation.

ENABLE | DISABLE

Specifies whether to enable or disable the notifier.

MAXPAYLOAD

The maximum size of the message, up to 2 TB, specified in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes as follows:

MAXPAYLOAD integer{K|M|G|T}

The default setting is adapter-specific—for example, 1 M for Kafka.

Changes to this parameter take effect either after the notifier is disabled and reenabled or after the database restarts.

MAXMEMORYSIZE

The maximum size of the internal notifier, up to 2 TB, specified in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes as follows:

MAXMEMORYSIZE integer{K|M|G|T}

If the queue exceeds this size, the notifier drops excess messages.

TLSMODE 'tls-mode'

Specifies the type of connection between the notifier and an endpoint, one of the following:

disable (default): Plaintext connection.
verify-ca: Encrypted connection, and the server's certificate is verified as being signed by a trusted CA.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

CA BUNDLE bundle-name

Specifies a CA bundle. The certificates inside the bundle are used to validate the Kafka server's certificate if the TLSMODE requires it.

If a CA bundle is specified for a notifier that currently uses disable, which doesn't validate the Kafka server's certificate, the bundle will go unused when connecting to the Kafka server. This behavior persists unless the TLSMODE is changed to one that validates server certificates.

Changes to contents of the CA bundle take effect either after the notifier is disabled and re-enabled or after the database restarts. However, changes to which CA bundle the notifier uses takes effect immediately.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

CERTIFICATE certificate-name

Specifies a client certificate for validation by the endpoint.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

IDENTIFIED BY 'uuid'

Specifies the notifier's unique identifier. If set, all the messages published by this notifier have this attribute.

PARAMETERS 'adapter-params'

Specifies one or more optional adapter parameters that are passed as a string to the adapter. Adapter parameters apply only to the adapter associated with the notifier.

Changes to this parameter take effect either after the notifier is disabled and reenabled or after the database restarts.

For Kafka notifiers, refer to Kafka and Vertica configuration settings.

Privileges

Superuser

Encrypted notifiers for SASL_SSL Kafka configurations

Follow this procedure to create or alter notifiers for Kafka endpoints that use SASL_SSL. Note that you must repeat this procedure whenever you change the TLSMODE, certificates, or CA bundle for a given notifier.

Use CREATE or ALTER to disable the notifier while setting the TLSMODE, certificate, and CA bundle.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier
    DISABLE
    TLSMODE 'verify-ca'
    CA BUNDLE ca_bundle2;

ALTER the notifier and set the proper rdkafka adapter parameters for SASL_SSL.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier PARAMETERS
  'sasl.username=user;sasl.password=password;sasl.mechanism=PLAIN;security.protocol=SASL_SSL';

Enable the notifier.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier ENABLE;

Examples

Update the settings on an existing notifier:

=> ALTER NOTIFIER my_dc_notifier
    ENABLE
    MAXMEMORYSIZE '2G'
    IDENTIFIED BY 'f8b0278a-3282-4e1a-9c86-e0f3f042a971'
    CHECK COMMITTED;

Change the TLSMODE and add a CA bundle and certificate to an existing notifier. This notifier connects to and verifies that the Kafka server's certificate is signed by a trusted CA.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER my_notifier
    TLSMODE 'verify-ca'
    CA BUNDLE ca_bundle
    CERTIFICATE client_cert;

2.15 - ALTER PROCEDURE (stored)

Alters a stored procedure, retaining any existing grants.

Syntax

ALTER PROCEDURE procedure ( [ [ parameter_mode ] [ parameter ] parameter_type [, ...] ] )
    [ SECURITY { INVOKER | DEFINER }
      | RENAME TO new_procedure_name
      | OWNER TO new_owner
      | SET SCHEMA new_schema
      | SOURCE TO new_source
    ]

Parameters

procedure: The procedure to alter.
parameter_mode: The IN parameters of the stored procedure.
parameter: The name of the parameter.
parameter_type: The type of the parameter.
SECURITY { INVOKER | DEFINER }: Specifies whether to execute the procedure with the privileges of the invoker or its definer (owner).
For details, see Executing stored procedures.
RENAME TO new_procedure_name: The new name for the procedure.
OWNER TO new_owner: The new owner (definer) of the procedure.
SET SCHEMA new_schema: The new schema of the procedure.
SOURCE TO new_source: The new procedure source code. For details, see Scope and structure.

Privileges

`OWNER TO`

Superuser

`RENAME` and `SCHEMA TO`

Non-superuser:

CREATE on the procedure's schema
Ownership of the procedure

Other operations

Non-superuser: Ownership of the procedure

Examples

See Altering stored procedures.

2.16 - ALTER PROFILE

Changes a profile.

Changes a profile. All parameters that are not set in a profile inherit their setting from the default profile. You can use ALTER PROFILE to change the default profile.

Syntax

ALTER PROFILE name LIMIT [
    PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LIFE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME setting
    FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS setting
    PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX setting
    PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LENGTH setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_UPPERCASE_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LOWERCASE_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_DIGITS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_CHAR_CHANGE setting ]

Parameters

Note

To reset a parameter to inherit from the default profile, set its value to default.

Name	Description
`name`	The name of the profile to create, where `name`conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. To modify the default profile, set `name` to `default`. For example: `ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS 1;`
`PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days a password remains valid. `UNLIMITED`: Password remains valid indefinitely. After your password's lifetime and grace period expire, you must change your password on your next login, if you have not done so already.
`PASSWORD_MIN_LIFE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: Default: 0 ≥ 1: The number of days a password must be set before it can be changed `UNLIMITED`: Password can be reset at any time.
`PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days a password can be used after it expires. `UNLIMITED`: No grace period.
`FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of consecutive failed login attempts Vertica allows before locking your account. `UNLIMITED`: Vertica allows an unlimited number of failed login attempts.
`PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME`	≥ 1: The number of days (units configurable with PasswordLockTimeUnit) a user's account is locked after `FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS` number of login attempts. The account is automatically unlocked when the lock time elapses. `UNLIMITED`: Account remains indefinitely inaccessible until a superuser manually unlocks it.
`PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of times you must change your password before you can reuse an earlier password. `UNLIMITED`: You can reuse an earlier password without any intervening changes.
`PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days that must pass after a password is set before you can reuse it. `UNLIMITED`: You can reuse an earlier password immediately.
`PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`	The maximum number of characters allowed in a password, one of the following: Integer between 8 and 512, inclusive
`PASSWORD_MIN_LENGTH`	The minimum number of characters required in a password, one of the following: 0 to `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH` `UNLIMITED`: Minimum of `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`
`PASSWORD_MIN_LETTERS`	Minimum number of letters (a-z and A-Z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_UPPERCASE_LETTERS`	Minimum number of uppercase letters (A-Z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_LOWERCASE_LETTERS`	Minimum number of lowercase letters (a-z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_DIGITS`	Minimum number of digits (0-9) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS`	Minimum number of symbols—printable non-letter and non-digit characters such as $, #, @—that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_CHAR_CHANGE`	Minimum number of characters that must be different from the previous password: Default: 0 Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)

Privileges

Superuser

Profile settings and client authentication

The following profile settings affect client authentication methods, such as LDAP or GSS:

FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME

All other profile settings are used only by Vertica to manage its passwords.

Examples

ALTER PROFILE sample_profile LIMIT FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3;

2.17 - ALTER PROFILE RENAME

Rename an existing profile.

Syntax

ALTER PROFILE name RENAME TO new-name;

Parameters

name: The current name of the profile.
new-name: The new name for the profile.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example shows how to rename an existing profile.

ALTER PROFILE sample_profile RENAME TO new_sample_profile;

2.18 - ALTER PROJECTION

Changes the DDL of the specified projection.

Syntax

ALTER PROJECTION [[database.]schema.]projection
   { RENAME TO new-name | ON PARTITION RANGE BETWEEN min-val AND max-val }

Parameters

schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

projection

The projection to change, where projection can be one of the following:

Projection base name: Rename all projections that share this base name.
Projection name: Rename the specified projection and its base name. If the projection is segmented, its buddies are unaffected by this change.

See Projection naming for projection name conventions.

new-name

The new projection name.

ON PARTITION RANGE

Note

Valid only for projections that were created with a partition range.

Specifies to limit data of this projection to a range of partition keys, specified as follows:

ON PARTITION RANGE BETWEEN min-range-value AND max-range-value

where the following requirements apply to min-range-value and ≤ max-range-value:

min-range-value must be ≤ max-range-value
They must resolve to a data type that is compatible with the table partition expression.
They can be:
- String literals—for example, 2021-07-31
- Expressions with stable or immutable functions, for example:
```
date_trunc('month', now()::timestamp - interval'1 month')
```

max-range-value can be set to NULL, to specify that the partition range has no upper bound.

If the new range of keys is outside the previous range, Vertica throws a warning that the projection is out of date and must be refreshed before it can be used.

For other requirements and usage details, see Partition range projections.

Privileges

Non-superuser, CREATE and USAGE on the schema and one of the following anchor table privileges:

Table owner
ALTER privilege
SELECT privilege only if defining a partition range projection

Examples

=> SELECT export_tables('','public.store_orders');

                export_tables
---------------------------------------------

CREATE TABLE public.store_orders
(
    order_no int,
    order_date timestamp NOT NULL,
    shipper varchar(20),
    ship_date date NOT NULL
);
(1 row)

=> CREATE PROJECTION store_orders_p AS SELECT * from store_orders;
CREATE PROJECTION
=> ALTER PROJECTION store_orders_p RENAME to store_orders_new;
ALTER PROJECTION

2.19 - ALTER RESOURCE POOL

Modifies an existing resource pool by setting one or more parameters.

Note

You can use ALTER RESOURCE POOL to modify some parameters in Vertica built-in resource pools. For details on default settings and restrictions, see Built-in resource pools configuration.

Syntax

ALTER RESOURCE POOL pool-name [ FOR subcluster-spec ] [ parameter-name setting ]...

Parameters

pool-name

The name of the resource pool. Built-in pool names cannot be used for user-defined pools.

Note

If you specify a resource pool name with uppercase letters, Vertica converts them to lowercase letters.

FOR subcluster-spec

Eon Mode only, specifies to associate this resource pool with a subcluster, where subcluster-spec is one of the following:

SUBCLUSTER subcluster-name: Alters the resource pool for an existing subcluster. You cannot be connected to this subcluster, otherwise Vertica returns an error.
CURRENT SUBCLUSTER: Alters the resource pool for the subcluster that you are connected to.

Note
If you specify a subcluster, you can alter only the MAXMEMORYSIZE, MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE, and MEMORYSIZE parameters for built-in pools.

parameter-name

The parameter to set, listed below.

setting

The value to set on parameter-name. To reset this parameter to its default value, specify DEFAULT.

Note

Default values specified in this table pertain only to user-defined resource pools. For built-in pool default values, see Built-in resource pools configuration, or query system table RESOURCE_POOL_DEFAULTS.

CASCADE TO

Specifies a secondary resource pool for executing queries that exceed the [RUNTIMECAP](#RUNTIMECAP) setting of their assigned resource pool:

CASCADE TO secondary-pool

CPUAFFINITYMODE

Specifies whether the resource pool has exclusive or shared use of the CPUs specified in [CPUAFFINITYSET](#CPUAFFINITYSET):

CPUAFFINITYMODE { SHARED | EXCLUSIVE | ANY }

SHARED: Queries that run in this pool share its CPUAFFINITYSET CPUs with other Vertica resource pools.
EXCLUSIVE: Dedicates CPUAFFINITYSET CPUs to this resource pool only, and excludes other Vertica resource pools. If CPUAFFINITYSET is set as a percentage, then that percentage of CPU resources available to Vertica is assigned solely for this resource pool.
ANY (default): Queries in this resource pool can run on any CPU, invalid if CPUAFFINITYSET designates CPU resources.

Important

CPUAFFINITYMODE and CPUAFFINITYSET must be set together in the same statement.

CPUAFFINITYSET

Specifies which CPUs are available to this resource pool. All cluster nodes must have the same number of CPUs. The CPU resources assigned to this set are unavailable to general resource pools.

CPUAFFINITYSET {
  'cpu-index[,...]'
| 'cpu-indexi-cpu-indexn'
| 'integer%'
| NONE
}

cpu-index[,...]: Dedicates one or more comma-delimited CPUs to this pool.
**``*cpu-indexi*-*cpu-index*n**: Dedicates a range of contiguous CPU indexes to this pool
integer%: Percentage of all available CPUs to use for this pool. Vertica rounds this percentage down to include whole CPU units.
NONE (default): No affinity set is assigned to this resource pool. The queries associated with this pool are executed on any CPU.

Important

CPUAFFINITYSET and CPUAFFINITYMODE must be set together in the same statement.

EXECUTIONPARALLELISM

Limits the number of threads used to process any single query issued in this resource pool.

EXECUTIONPARALLELISM { limit | AUTO }

limit: An integer value between 1 and the number of cores. Setting this parameter to a reduced value increases throughput of short queries issued in the pool, especially if the queries are executed concurrently.
AUTO or 0 (default): Vertica calculates the setting from the number of cores, available memory, and amount of data in the system. Unless memory is limited, or the amount of data is very small, Vertica sets this parameter to the number of cores on the node.

MAXCONCURRENCY

Sets the maximum number of concurrent execution slots available to the resource pool, across the cluster:

MAXCONCURRENCY { integer | NONE }

NONE (default) specifies unlimited number of concurrent execution slots.

MAXMEMORYSIZE

The maximum size per node the resource pool can grow by borrowing memory from the GENERAL pool:

MAXMEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
| NONE
}

integer%: Percentage of total memory
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes
NONE (default): Unlimited, pool can borrow any amount of available memory from the GENERAL pool.

MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE

The maximum amount of memory that this pool can allocate at runtime to process a query. If the query requires more memory than this setting, Vertica stops execution and returns an error.

Set this parameter as follows:

MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
| NONE
}

integer%: Percentage of MAXMEMORYSIZE for this pool.
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes, up to the value of MAXMEMORYSIZE.
NONE (default): Unlimited; pool can borrow any amount of available memory from the GENERAL pool, within the limits set by MAXMEMORYSIZE.

Important

Changes to MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE are applied retroactively to queries that are currently executing. If you reduce this setting, queries that were budgeted with the previous memory size are liable to fail if they try to allocate more memory than the new setting allows.

MEMORYSIZE

The amount of total memory available to the Vertica resource manager that is allocated to this pool per node:

MEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
}

integer%: Percentage of total memory
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes

Default: 0%. No memory allocated, the resource pool borrows memory from the GENERAL pool.

PLANNEDCONCURRENCY

Specifies the preferred number queries to execute concurrently in the resource pool. This setting applies to the entire cluster:

PLANNEDCONCURRENCY { num-queries | AUTO }

num-queries: Integer value ≥ 1, specifies the preferred number of concurrently executing queries. When possible, query resource budgets are limited to allow this level of concurrent execution.
AUTO (default): Value is calculated automatically at query runtime. Vertica sets this parameter to the lower of these two calculations, but never less than 4:
- Number of logical cores
- Memory divided by 2GB

For clusters where the number of logical cores differs on different nodes, AUTO can apply differently on each node. Distributed queries run like the minimal effective planned concurrency. Single node queries run with the planned concurrency of the initiator.

Tip

Change this parameter only after evaluating performance over a period of time.

PRIORITY

Specifies priority of queries in this pool when they compete for resources in the GENERAL pool:

PRIORITY { integer | HOLD }

integer: A negative or positive integer value, where higher numbers denote higher priority:
- User-defined pools: -100 to 100
- Built-in pools SYSQUERY, RECOVERY, and TM: -110 to 110
HOLD: Sets priority to -999. Queries in this pool are queued until [QUEUETIMEOUT](#QUEUETIMEOUT) is reached.

Default: 0

QUEUETIMEOUT

Species how long a request can wait for pool resources before it is rejected:

QUEUETIMEOUT { integer | NONE }

integer: Maximum wait time in seconds
NONE: No maximum wait time, request can be queued indefinitely.

**Default:** 300 seconds

RUNTIMECAP

Prevents runaway queries by setting the maximum time a query in the pool can execute. If a query exceeds this setting, it tries to cascade to a secondary pool:

RUNTIMECAP { 'interval' | NONE }

interval: Maximum wait time expressed in the following format:
NONE (default): No time limit on queries running in this pool.

To specify a value in days, provide an integer value. To provide a value less than one day, provide the interval in the format hours:minutes:seconds. For example a value of 1:30:00 would equal 90 minutes.

If the user or session also has a RUNTIMECAP, the shorter limit applies.

RUNTIMEPRIORITY

Determines how the resource manager should prioritize dedication of run-time resources (CPU, I/O bandwidth) to queries already running in this resource pool:

RUNTIMEPRIORITY { HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW }

Default: MEDIUM

RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD

Specifies in seconds a time limit in which a query must finish before the resource manager assigns to it the resource pool's RUNTIMEPRIORITY. All queries begin running at a HIGH priority. When a query's duration exceeds this threshold, it is assigned the RUNTIMEPRIORITY of the resource pool.

RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD seconds

Default: 2

SINGLEINITIATOR

By default, set to false for backward compatibility. Do not change this setting.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example shows how to alter resource pool ceo_pool by setting the priority to 5.

=> ALTER RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool PRIORITY 5;

This example shows how to designate a secondary resource pool for ceo_pool.

=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL second_pool;
=> ALTER RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool CASCADE TO second_pool;

This Eon Mode example decreases the MAXMEMORYSIZE and MEMORYSIZE of the built-in TM resource pool to 0% on the dashboard secondary subcluster. Changing these settings to 0 prevents the subcluster from running Tuple Mover mergeout operations.

=> ALTER RESOURCE POOL TM FOR SUBCLUSTER dashboard MEMORYSIZE '0%'
   MAXMEMORYSIZE '0%';

See Tuning tuple mover pool settings for more information.

2.20 - ALTER ROLE

Renames an existing role.

Note

You cannot use ALTER ROLE to rename a role that was added to the Vertica database with the LDAPLink service.

Syntax

ALTER ROLE name RENAME TO new-name

Parameters

name: The role to rename.
new-name: The role's new name.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> ALTER ROLE applicationadministrator RENAME TO appadmin;
ALTER ROLE

2.21 - ALTER ROUTING RULE

Changes an existing load balancing policy routing rule.

Syntax

ALTER ROUTING RULE rule_name {
    RENAME TO new_name |
    SET ROUTE TO 'cidr_range'|
    SET GROUP TO group_name
    }

Parameters

rule_name: The name of the existing routing rule to change.
RENAME TO new_name: Changes the name of the routing rule to new_name.
SET ROUTE TO 'cidr_range': An IPv4 or IPv6 address range in CIDR format. Changes the address range of client connections this rule applies to.
SET GROUP TO group_name: Changes the load balancing group that handles the connections that match this rule .

Examples

This example changes the routing rule named etl_rule so it uses the load balancing group named etl_rule to handle incoming connections in the IP address range of 10.20.100.0 to 10.20.100.255.

=> ALTER ROUTING RULE etl_rule SET GROUP TO etl_group;
ALTER ROUTING RULE
=> ALTER ROUTING RULE etl_rule SET ROUTE TO '10.20.100.0/24';
ALTER ROUTING RULE
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
=> SELECT * FROM routing_rules WHERE NAME = 'etl_rule';
-[ RECORD 1 ]----+---------------
name             | etl_rule
source_address   | 10.20.100.0/24
destination_name | etl_group

2.22 - ALTER SCHEMA

Changes one or more schemas in one of the following ways:.

Changes one or more schemas in one of the following ways:

Enables or disables inheritance of schema privileges by tables created in the schemas.
Reassigns schema ownership to another user.
Renames schemas.

Syntax

Set inheritance of schema privileges:

ALTER SCHEMA [database.]schema DEFAULT {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} SCHEMA PRIVILEGES

Reassign schema ownership:

ALTER SCHEMA [database.]schema OWNER TO user-name [CASCADE]

Rename schemas:

ALTER SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...] RENAME TO new-schema-name[,...]

Parameters

[database.]schema

The schema to modify. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

DEFAULT {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} SCHEMA PRIVILEGES

Specifies whether to enable or disable default inheritance of privileges for new tables in the specified schema:

EXCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES (default): Disables inheritance of schema privileges.
INCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES: Specifies to grant tables in the specified schema the same privileges granted to that schema. This option has no effect on existing tables in the schema.

Caution

Renaming a schema referenced by a view causes the view to fail unless another schema is created to replace it.

Privileges

One of the following:

Superuser
Schema owner

Cascading schema ownership

By default, ALTER SCHEMA...OWNER TO does not affect ownership of objects in the target schema or the privileges granted on them. If you qualify the OWNER TO clause with CASCADE, Vertica acts as follows on objects in the target schema:

Transfers ownership of objects owned by the previous schema owner to the new owner.
Revokes all object privileges granted by the previous schema owner.

If issued by non-superusers, ALTER SCHEMA...OWNER TO CASCADE ignores all objects that belong to other users, and returns with notices on the objects that it cannot change.

For example:

Schema ms is owned by user mayday, and contains two tables: ms.t1 owned by mayday, and ms.t2 owned by user joe:

=> \dt
                           List of tables
     Schema     |         Name          | Kind  |  Owner  | Comment
----------------+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------
 ms             | t1                    | table | mayday  |
 ms             | t2                    | table | joe     |

User mayday transfers ownership of schema ms to user dbadmin, using CASCADE. On return, ALTER SCHEMA notifies user mayday that it cannot transfer ownership of table ms.t2 and its projections, which are owned by user joe:


=> \c - mayday
You are now connected as user "mayday".
=> ALTER SCHEMA ms OWNER TO dbadmin CASCADE;
NOTICE 3583:  Insufficient privileges on ms.t2
NOTICE 3583:  Insufficient privileges on ms.t2_b0
NOTICE 3583:  Insufficient privileges on ms.t2_b1
ALTER SCHEMA
=> \c
You are now connected as user "dbadmin".
=> \dt
                           List of tables
     Schema     |         Name          | Kind  |  Owner  | Comment
----------------+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------
 ms             | t1                    | table | dbadmin |
 ms             | t2                    | table | joe     |

User dbadmin transfers ownership of schema ms to user pat, again using CASCADE. This time, because dbadmin is a superuser, ALTER SCHEMA transfers ownership of all ms tables to user pat

=> ALTER SCHEMA ms OWNER TO pat CASCADE;
ALTER SCHEMA
=> \dt
                           List of tables
     Schema     |         Name          | Kind  |  Owner  | Comment
----------------+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------
 ms             | t1                    | table | pat     |
 ms             | t2                    | table | pat     |

Swapping schemas

Renaming schemas is useful for swapping schemas without actually moving data. To facilitate the swap, enter a non-existent, temporary placeholder schema. For example, the following ALTER SCHEMA statement uses the temporary schema temps to facilitate swapping schema S1 with schema S2. In this example, S1 is renamed to temps. Then S2 is renamed to S1. Finally, temps is renamed to S2.

=> ALTER SCHEMA S1, S2, temps RENAME TO temps, S1, S2;

Examples

The following example renames schemas S1 and S2 to S3 and S4, respectively:

=> ALTER SCHEMA S1, S2 RENAME TO S3, S4;

This example sets the default behavior for new table t2 to automatically inherit the schema's privileges:

=> ALTER SCHEMA s1 DEFAULT INCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES;
=> CREATE TABLE s1.t2 (i, int);

This example sets the default for new tables to not automatically inherit privileges from the schema:

=> ALTER SCHEMA s1 DEFAULT EXCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES;

2.23 - ALTER SEQUENCE

Changes a named sequence in two ways:.

Changes a named sequence in two ways:

Sets parameters that control sequence behavior—for example, its start value, and range of minimum and maximum values. These changes take effect only when you start a new database session.
Sets sequence name, schema, or ownership. These changes take effect immediately.

Note

You can only modify a named sequence—that is, a sequence that was defined by CREATE SEQUENCE. AUTO_INCREMENT and IDENTITY sequences are owned by the table where they were created, and cannot be changed independently of that table.

Syntax

Change sequence behavior:

ALTER SEQUENCE [[database.]schema.]sequence
    [ INCREMENT [ BY ] integer ]
    [ MINVALUE integer | NO MINVALUE ]
    [ MAXVALUE integer | NO MAXVALUE ]
    [ RESTART [ WITH ] integer ]
    [ CACHE integer | NO CACHE ]
    [ CYCLE | NO CYCLE ]

Change sequence name, schema, or ownership:

ALTER SEQUENCE [schema.]sequence-name {
    RENAME TO seq-name
    | SET SCHEMA schema-name]
    | OWNER TO owner-name
}

Parameters

schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

If you do not specify a schema, the table is created in the default schema.

sequence

The name of the sequence to alter.

INCREMENT [BY] integer

A positive or negative integer that specifies how much to increment or decrement the sequence on each call to NEXTVAL, by default set to 1.

Note

Setting this parameter to integer guarantees that column values always increment by at least integer. However, column values can sometimes increment by more than integer unless you also set the NO CACHE parameter.

MINVALUE integer NO MINVALUE (default)

Modifies the minimum value a sequence can generate. If you change this value and the current value exceeds the range, the current value is changed to the minimum value if increment is greater than zero, or to the maximum value if increment is less than zero.

MAXVALUE integer NO MAXVALUE (default)

Modifies the maximum value for the sequence. If you change this value and the current value exceeds the range, the current value is changed to the minimum value if increment is greater than zero, or to the maximum value if increment is less than zero.

RESTART [WITH] integer

Changes the current value of the sequence to integer. The next call to NEXTVAL returns integer.

Caution

Using ALTER SEQUENCE to set a sequence start value below its current value can result in duplicate keys.

CACHE integer NO CACHE (default)

Specifies how many sequence numbers are pre-allocated and stored in memory for faster access. Vertica sets up caching for each session, and distributes it across all nodes. By default, the sequence cache is set to 250,000.

For details, see Distributing named sequences.

CYCLE NO CYCLE (default)

Specifies whether the sequence can wrap when its minimum or maximum values are reached:

CYCLE: The sequence wraps as follows:
- When an incrementing sequence reaches its upper limit, it is reset to its minimum value.
- When an decrementing sequence reaches its lower limit, it is reset to its maximum value.
NO CYCLE (default): Calls to NEXTVAL return an error after the sequence reaches its maximum or minimum value.

RENAME TO seq-name

Renames a sequence within the current schema, where seq-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.

SET SCHEMA schema-name

Moves the sequence to schema schema-name.

OWNER TO owner-name

Reassigns the current sequence owner to the specified owner.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Sequence owner
ALTER privilege on the sequence

For certain operations, non-superusers must have the following schema privileges:

Schema privileges required...	For these operations...
CREATE, USAGE	Rename sequence
CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema	Move sequence to another schema

Examples

See Altering sequences.

2.24 - ALTER SESSION

ALTER SESSION sets and clears session-level configuration parameter values for the current session.

ALTER SESSION sets and clears session-level configuration parameter values for the current session. To identify session-level parameters, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS.

Syntax

ALTER SESSION {
    SET [PARAMETER] parameter-name=value[,...]
    | CLEAR { [PARAMETER] parameter-name[,...] | PARAMETER ALL }
    | SET UDPARAMETER [ FOR libname ] key=value[,...]
    | CLEAR UDPARAMETER { [ FOR libname ] key[,...] | ALL }
}

Parameters

SET [PARAMETER]

Sets one or more configuration parameters to the specified value.

CLEAR [PARAMETER]

Clears the specified configuration parameters of changes that were set in the current session.

CLEAR PARAMETER ALL

Clears all session-level configuration parameters of changes that were set in the current session.

SET UDPARAMETER

Sets one or more user-defined session parameters (key=value) to be used with a UDx. Key value sizes are restricted as follows:

Set from client side: 128 characters
Set from UDx side: unlimited

You can limit the SET operation's scope to a single library by including the clause FOR libname. For example:

=> ALTER SESSION SET UDPARAMETER FOR securelib username='alice';

If you specify a library, then only that library can access the parameter's value. Use this restriction to protect parameters that hold sensitive data, such as credentials.

CLEAR UDPARAMETER

Clears user-defined parameters, specified by one of the following options:

[FOR libname] key[,...]: Clears the key-specified parameters, optionally scoped to library libname.
ALL: Clears all user-defined parameters in the current session.

Privileges

None

Examples

Set and clear a parameter

Force all UDxes that support fenced mode to run in fenced mode, even if their definition specifies NOT FENCED:
```
=> ALTER SESSION SET ForceUDxFencedMode = 1;
ALTER SESSION
```

Clear ForceUDxFencedMode at the session level. Its value is reset to its default value 0:

=> ALTER SESSION CLEAR ForceUDxFencedMode;
ALTER SESSION
=> SELECT parameter_name, current_value, default_value FROM configuration_parameters WHERE  parameter_name = 'ForceUDxFencedMode';
   parameter_name   | current_value | default_value
--------------------+---------------+---------------
 ForceUDxFencedMode | 0             | 0
(1 row)

Clear all session-level configuration parameters of changes that were set in this session:
```
=> ALTER SESSION CLEAR PARAMETER ALL;
ALTER SESSION
```

Set and clear a user-defined parameter

Set the value of user-defined parameter RowCount in library MyLibrary to 25.

=> ALTER SESSION SET UDPARAMETER FOR MyLibrary RowCount = 25;
ALTER SESSION

Clear RowCount at the session level:

=> ALTER SESSION CLEAR UDPARAMETER FOR MyLibrary RowCount;
ALTER SESSION

2.25 - ALTER SUBCLUSTER

Changes the configuration of a subcluster.

Changes the configuration of a subcluster. You can use this statement to rename a subcluster or make it the default subcluster.

Syntax

ALTER SUBCLUSTER subcluster-name {
    RENAME TO new-name |
    SET DEFAULT
}

Parameters

subcluster-name: The name of the subcluster to alter.
RENAME TO new-name: Changes the name of the subcluster to new-name.
SET DEFAULT: Makes the subcluster the default subcluster. When you add new nodes to the database and do not specify a subcluster to contain them, Vertica adds them to the default subcluster. There can be only one default subcluster at a time. The subcluster that was previously the default subcluster becomes a non-default subcluster.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example makes the analytics_cluster the default subcluster:

=> SELECT DISTINCT subcluster_name FROM SUBCLUSTERS WHERE is_default = true;
  subcluster_name
--------------------
 default_subcluster
(1 row)

=> ALTER SUBCLUSTER analytics_cluster SET DEFAULT;
ALTER SUBCLUSTER
=> SELECT DISTINCT subcluster_name FROM SUBCLUSTERS WHERE is_default = true;
  subcluster_name
-------------------
 analytics_cluster
(1 row)

This example renames default_subcluster to load_subcluster:

=> ALTER SUBCLUSTER default_subcluster RENAME TO load_subcluster;
ALTER SUBCLUSTER

=> SELECT DISTINCT subcluster_name FROM subclusters;
  subcluster_name
-------------------
 load_subcluster
 analytics_cluster
(2 rows)

2.26 - ALTER SUBNET

Renames an existing subnet.

Syntax

ALTER SUBNET subnet-name RENAME TO new-subnet-name

Parameters

subnet-name: The name of the existing subnet.
new-subnet-name: The new name for the subnet.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> ALTER SUBNET mysubnet RENAME TO myNewSubnet;

2.27 - ALTER TABLE

Modifies the metadata of an existing table.

Modifies the metadata of an existing table. All changes are auto-committed.

Syntax

ALTER TABLE [[database.]schema.]table {
    ADD COLUMN [ IF NOT EXISTS ] column datatype
       [ column-constraint ]
       [ ENCODING encoding-type ]
       [ PROJECTIONS (projections-list) | ALL PROJECTIONS ]
    | ADD table-constraint
    | ALTER COLUMN column {
        ENCODING encoding-type PROJECTIONS (projection-list)
        | { SET | DROP } expression }
    | ALTER CONSTRAINT constraint-name { ENABLED | DISABLED }
    | DROP CONSTRAINT constraint-name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
    | DROP [ COLUMN ] [ IF EXISTS ] column [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
    | FORCE OUTER integer
    | { INCLUDE | EXCLUDE | MATERIALIZE } [ SCHEMA ] PRIVILEGES
    | OWNER TO owner
    | partition-clause [ REORGANIZE ]
    | REMOVE PARTITIONING
    | RENAME [ COLUMN ] name TO new-name
    | RENAME TO new-table-name[,...]
    | REORGANIZE
    | SET {
        SCHEMA schema
        | ActivePartitionCount { count | DEFAULT }
        | MERGEOUT { 1 | 0 } }
}

Note

Several ALTER TABLE clauses cannot be specified with other clauses in the same statement (see Exclusive ALTER TABLE Clauses below). Otherwise, ALTER TABLE supports multiple comma-delimited clauses. For example, the following ALTER TABLE statement changes the my_table table in two ways: reassigns ownership to Joe, and sets a UNIQUE constraint on the b column:

=> ALTER TABLE my_table OWNER TO Joe, ADD CONSTRAINT unique_b UNIQUE (b) ENABLED;

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*table*

The table to alter.

ADD COLUMN

Adds a column to the table and, by default, to all its superprojections:

ADD COLUMN [IF NOT EXISTS]
    column datatype 
    [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
    [ ENCODING encoding-type]
    [ PROJECTIONS (projections-list) | ALL PROJECTIONS]

Restrictions on columns of complex types also apply to columns that you add using ADD COLUMN.

The optional IF NOT EXISTS clause generates an informational message if column already exists under the specified name. If you omit this option and column exists, Vertica generates a ROLLBACK error message.

You can qualify the new column definition with one of these options:

column-constraint specifies a column constraint as follows:


  {NULL | NOT NULL}
  | [ DEFAULT default-expr ] [ SET USING using-expr ] } | DEFAULT USING exp}

ENCODING specifies the column's encoding type, by default set to AUTO.
PROJECTIONS adds the new column to one or more existing projections of this table, specified as a comma-delimted list of projection base names. Vertica adds the column to all buddies of each projection. The projection list cannot include projections with pre-aggregated data such as live aggregate projections; otherwise, Vertica rolls back the ALTER TABLE statement.
ALL PROJECTIONS adds the column to all projections of this table, excluding projections with pre-aggregated data.

ADD

table-constraint

Adds a constraint to a table that does not have any associated projections.

ALTER COLUMN

You can alter an existing column in one of two ways:

Set encoding on a column for one or more projections of this table:
```
ENCODING encoding-type PROJECTIONS (projections-list)
```
where projections-list is a comma-delimited list of projections to update with the new encoding. You can specify each projection in two ways:
- Projection base name: Update all projections that share this base name.
- Projection name: Update the specified projection. If the projection is segmented, the change is propagated to all buddies.
If one of the projections does not contain the target column, Vertica returns with a rollback error.

For details, see Projection Column Encoding.
Set or drop a setting for a column of scalar data, including primitive arrays:
```
SET { DEFAULT expression
          | USING expression
    | DEFAULT USING expression
    | NOT NULL
    | DATA TYPE datatype
}
DROP { DEFAULT
     | SET USING
     | DEFAULT USING
     | NOT NULL
}
```
You cannot change the data type of a column of any complex type that is neither a scalar type nor an array of scalar types. One exception applies: in external tables, you can change a primitive column type to a complex type.

Setting a DEFAULT or SET USING expression has no effect on existing column values. To refresh the column with its DEFAULT or SET USING expression, update it as follows
- SET USING column: Call REFRESH_COLUMNS on the table.
- DEFAULT column: update the column as follows:
```
UPDATE table-name SET column-name=DEFAULT;
```

ALTER CONSTRAINT

Specifies whether to enforce primary key, unique key, and check constraints:

ALTER CONSTRAINT constraint-name {ENABLED | DISABLED}

DROP CONSTRAINT

Drops the specified table constraint from the table:

DROP CONSTRAINT constraint-name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

You can qualify DROP CONSTRAINT with one of these options:

CASCADE: Drops a constraint and all dependencies in other tables.
RESTRICT: Does not drop a constraint if there are dependent objects. Same as the default behavior.

Dropping a table constraint has no effect on views that reference the table.

DROP [COLUMN]

Drops the specified column from the table and that column's ROS containers:

DROP [COLUMN] [IF EXISTS] column [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

You can qualify DROP COLUMN with one of these options:

IF EXISTS generates an informational message if the column does not exist. If you omit this option and the column does not exist, Vertica generates a ROLLBACK error message.
CASCADE is required if the column has dependencies.
RESTRICT drops the column only from the given table.

See Dropping table columns.

FORCE OUTER integer

Specifies whether a table is joined to another as an inner or outer input. For details, see Controlling join inputs.

{INCLUDE | EXCLUDE | MATERIALIZE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Specifies default inheritance of schema privileges for this table:

EXCLUDE PRIVILEGES (default) disables inheritance of privileges from the schema.
INCLUDE PRIVILEGES grants the table the same privileges granted to its schema.
MATERIALIZE PRIVILEGES copies grants to the table and creates a GRANT object on the table. This disables the inherited privileges flag on the table, so you can:
- Grant more specific privileges at the table level.
- Use schema-level privileges as a template.
- Move the table to a different schema.
- Change schema privileges without affecting the table.
Note
If inherited privileges are disabled at the database level, schema privileges can still be materialized.

OWNER TO owner

Changes the table owner.

partition-clause [REORGANIZE]

Invalid for external tables, logically divides table data storage through a PARTITION BY clause:

PARTITION BY partition-expression
  [ GROUP BY group-expression ] [ SET ACTIVEPARTITIONCOUNT integer ]

For details, see Partition clause.

If you qualify the partition clause with REORGANIZE and the table previously specified no partitioning, the Vertica Tuple Mover immediately implements the partition clause. If the table previously specified partitioning, the Tuple Mover evaluates ROS storage containers and reorganizes them as needed to conform with the new partition clause.

REMOVE PARTITIONING

Specifies to remove partitioning from a table definition. The Tuple Mover subsequently removes existing partitions from ROS containers.

RENAME [COLUMN]

Renames the specified column within the table.

RENAME TO

Renames one or more tables:

RENAME TO new-table-name[,...]

The following requirements apply:

The renamed table must be in the same schema as the original table.
The new table name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.
If you specify multiple tables to rename, the source and target lists must have the same number of names.

REORGANIZE

Valid only for partitioned tables, invokes the Tuple Mover to reorganize ROS storage containers as needed to conform with the table's current partition clause. ALTER TABLE...REORGANIZE and Vertica meta-function PARTITION_TABLE operate identically.

REORGANIZE can also qualify a new partition clause.

SET

Changes a table setting, one of the following:

SCHEMA schema-name Moves the table from its current schema to schema-name. Vertica automatically moves all projections that are anchored to the source table to the destination schema. It also moves all IDENTITY and AUTO_INCREMENT columns to the destination schema. For details, see Moving tables to another schema
ActivePartitionCount { count | DEFAULT } Valid only for partitioned tables, specifies how many partitions are active for this table, one of the following: * count: Unsigned integer, supersedes configuration parameter ActivePartitionCount. * DEFAULT: Removes the table-level active partition count. The table obtains its active partition count from the configuration parameter ActivePartitionCount.

For details on usage, see Active and inactive partitions.
MERGEOUT { 1 | 0 } Specifies whether to enable or disable mergeout to ROS containers that consolidate projection data of this table. By default, mergeout is enabled (1) on all tables.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Table owner
ALTER privileges

Non-superusers must also have SELECT privileges to enable or disable constraint enforcement, or remove partitioning.

For certain operations, non-superusers must have the following schema privileges:

Schema privileges required...	For these operations...
CREATE, USAGE	Rename table
CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema	Move table to another schema

Schema privileges required...

For these operations...

CREATE, USAGE

Rename table

CREATE: destination schema

USAGE: current schema

Move table to another schema

Restrictions for complex types

Complex types used in native tables have some restrictions, in addition to the restrictions for individual types listed on their reference pages:

A native table must have at least one column that is a primitive type or a native array (one-dimensional array of a primitive type). If a flex table has real columns, it must also have at least one column satisfying this restriction.
Complex type columns cannot be used in ORDER BY or PARTITION BY clauses nor as FILLER columns.
Complex type columns cannot have constraints.
Expressions returning complex types cannot be used as projection columns, and projections cannot be segmented or ordered by columns of complex types.
Tables with columns of complex types cannot use DEFAULT and SET USING.

Exclusive ALTER TABLE clauses

The following ALTER TABLE clauses cannot be combined with another ALTER TABLE clause:

ADD COLUMN
DROP COLUMN
RENAME COLUMN
SET SCHEMA
RENAME [TO]

Node down limitations

Enterprise Mode only

The following ALTER TABLE operations are not supported when one or more database cluster nodes are down:

ALTER COLUMN ... ADD table-constraint
ALTER COLUMN ... SET DATA TYPE
ALTER COLUMN ... { SET DEFAULT | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER COLUMN ... { SET USING | DROP SET USING }
ALTER CONSTRAINT
DROP COLUMN
DROP CONSTRAINT

Pre-aggregated projection restrictions

You cannot modify the metadata of anchor table columns that are included in live aggregate or Top-K projections. You also cannot drop these columns. To make these changes, you must first drop all live aggregate and Top-K projections that are associated with it.

External table restrictions

Not all ALTER TABLE options pertain to external tables. For instance, you cannot add a column to an external table, but you can rename the table:

=> ALTER TABLE mytable RENAME TO mytable2;
ALTER TABLE

Locked tables

If the operation cannot obtain an O lock on the target table, Vertica tries to close any internal Tuple Mover sessions that are running on that table. If successful, the operation can proceed. Explicit Tuple Mover operations that are running in user sessions do not close. If an explicit Tuple Mover operation is running on the table, the operation proceeds only when the operation is complete.

2.27.1 - Projection column encoding

After you create a table and its projections, you can call ALTER TABLE...ALTER COLUMN to set or change the encoding type of an existing column in one or more projections.

After you create a table and its projections, you can call ALTER TABLE...ALTER COLUMN to set or change the encoding type of an existing column in one or more projections. For example:

ALTER TABLE store.store_dimension ALTER COLUMN store_region
  ENCODING rle PROJECTIONS (store.store_dimension_p1_b0, store.store_dimension_p2);

In this example, the ALTER TABLE statement specifies to set RLE encoding on column store_region for two projections: store_dimension_p1_b0 and store_dimension_p2. The PROJECTIONS list references the two projections by their projection name and base name, respectively. You can reference a projection either way; in both cases, the change is propagated to all buddies of the projection and stored in its DDL accordingly:

=> select export_objects('','store.store_dimension');

                          export_objects
------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE store.store_dimension
(
    store_key int NOT NULL,
    store_name varchar(64),
    store_number int,
    store_address varchar(256),
    store_city varchar(64),
    store_state char(2),
    store_region varchar(64)
);

CREATE PROJECTION store.store_dimension_p1
(
 store_key,
 store_name,
 store_number,
 store_address,
 store_city,
 store_state,
 store_region ENCODING RLE
)
AS
 SELECT store_dimension.store_key,
        store_dimension.store_name,
        store_dimension.store_number,
        store_dimension.store_address,
        store_dimension.store_city,
        store_dimension.store_state,
        store_dimension.store_region
 FROM store.store_dimension
 ORDER BY store_dimension.store_key
SEGMENTED BY hash(store_dimension.store_key) ALL NODES KSAFE 1;

CREATE PROJECTION store.store_dimension_p2
(
 store_key,
 store_name,
 store_number,
 store_address,
 store_city,
 store_state,
 store_region ENCODING RLE
)
AS
 SELECT ...

Important

When you add or change a column's encoding type, it has no immediate effect on existing projection data. Vertica applies the encoding only to newly loaded data, and to existing data on mergeout.

2.27.2 - Table-constraint

Table-constraint

Adds a constraint to table metadata. You can specify table constraints with CREATE TABLE, or add a constraint to an existing table with ALTER TABLE. For details, see Setting constraints.

Note

Adding a constraint to a table that is referenced in a view does not affect the view.

Syntax

[ CONSTRAINT constraint-name ]
{
... PRIMARY KEY (column[,... ]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
... | FOREIGN KEY (column[,... ] ) REFERENCES table [ (column[,...]) ]
... | UNIQUE (column[,...]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
... | CHECK (expression) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
}

Parameters

CONSTRAINT constraint-name

Assigns a name to the constraint. Vertica recommends that you name all constraints.

PRIMARY KEY

Defines one or more NOT NULL columns as the primary key as follows:

PRIMARY KEY (column[,...]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a primary key constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_PRIMARY.

FOREIGN KEY

Adds a referential integrity constraint defining one or more columns as foreign keys as follows:

FOREIGN KEY (column[,... ]) REFERENCES table [(column[,... ])]

If you omit column, Vertica references the primary key in table.

If you do not name a foreign key constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_FOREIGN.

Important

Adding a foreign key constraint requires the following privileges (in addition to privileges also required by ALTER TABLE):

REFERENCES on the referenced table
USAGE on the schema of the referenced table

UNIQUE

Specifies that the data in a column or group of columns is unique with respect to all table rows, as follows:

UNIQUE (column[,...]) [ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a unique constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_UNIQUE.

CHECK

Specifies a check condition as an expression that returns a Boolean value, as follows:

CHECK (expression) [ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a check constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_CHECK.

Privileges

Non-superusers: table owner, or the following privileges:

USAGE on schema
ALTER on table
SELECT on table to enable or disable constraint enforcement

Enforcing constraints

A table can specify whether Vertica automatically enforces a primary key, unique key or check constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. If you omit ENABLED or DISABLED, Vertica determines whether to enable the constraint automatically by checking the appropriate configuration parameter:

EnableNewPrimaryKeysByDefault
EnableNewUniqueKeysByDefault
EnableNewCheckConstraintsByDefault

For details, see Constraint enforcement.

Examples

The following example creates a table (t01) with a primary key constraint.

CREATE TABLE t01 (id int CONSTRAINT sampleconstraint PRIMARY KEY);
CREATE TABLE

This example creates the same table without the constraint, and then adds the constraint with ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT

CREATE TABLE t01 (id int);
CREATE TABLE

ALTER TABLE t01 ADD CONSTRAINT sampleconstraint PRIMARY KEY(id);
WARNING 2623:  Column "id" definition changed to NOT NULL
ALTER TABLE

The following example creates a table (addapk) with two columns, adds a third column to the table, and then adds a primary key constraint on the third column.

=> CREATE TABLE addapk (col1 INT, col2 INT);
CREATE TABLE

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ADD COLUMN col3 INT;
ALTER TABLE

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ADD CONSTRAINT col3constraint PRIMARY KEY (col3) ENABLED;
WARNING 2623:  Column "col3" definition changed to NOT NULL
ALTER TABLE

Using the sample table addapk, check that the primary key constraint is enabled (is_enabled is t).

=> SELECT constraint_name, column_name, constraint_type, is_enabled FROM PRIMARY_KEYS WHERE table_name IN ('addapk');

 constraint_name | column_name | constraint_type | is_enabled
-----------------+-------------+-----------------+------------
 col3constraint  | col3        | p               | t
(1 row)

This example disables the constraint using ALTER TABLE ALTER CONSTRAINT.

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ALTER CONSTRAINT col3constraint DISABLED;

Check that the primary key is now disabled (is_enabled is f).

=> SELECT constraint_name, column_name, constraint_type, is_enabled FROM PRIMARY_KEYS WHERE table_name IN ('addapk');

 constraint_name | column_name | constraint_type | is_enabled
-----------------+-------------+-----------------+------------
 col3constraint  | col3        | p               | f
(1 row)

For a general discussion of constraints, see Constraints. For additional examples of creating and naming constraints, see Naming constraints.

2.28 - ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION

Alters a specified TLS CONFIGURATION object.

Alters a specified TLS CONFIGURATION object. For information on existing TLS CONFIGURATION objects, query TLS_CONFIGURATIONS.

Syntax

ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION tls_config_name {
    [ CERTIFICATE { NULL | cert_name }
    [ ADD CA CERTIFICATES ca_cert_name [,...] ]
    [ REMOVE CA CERTIFICATES ca_cert_name [,...] ]
    [ CIPHER SUITES { '' | 'openssl_cipher [,...]' } ]
    [ TLSMODE 'tlsmode' ]
}

Parameters

tls_config_name

The TLS CONFIGURATION object to alter.

NULL

Removes the non-CA certificate from the TLS CONFIGURATION.

cert_name

A certificate created with CREATE CERTIFICATE.

ca_cert_name

A CA certificate created with CREATE CERTIFICATE.

openssl_cipher

A comma-separated list of cipher suites to use instead of the default set of cipher suites. Providing an empty string for this parameter clears the alternate cipher suite list and instructs the specified TLS CONFIGURATION to use the default set of cipher suites.

To view enabled cipher suites, use LIST_ENABLED_CIPHERS.

tlsmode

How Vertica establishes TLS connections and handles client certificates, one of the following, in order of ascending security:

DISABLE: Disables TLS. All other options for this parameter enable TLS.
ENABLE: Enables TLS. Vertica does not check client certificates.
TRY_VERIFY: Establishes a TLS connection if one of the following is true:
- the client presents a valid certificate
- the client doesn't present a certificate
If the client presents an invalid certificate, the connection will use plaintext.
VERIFY_CA: Connection succeeds if Vertica verifies that the client certificate is from a trusted CA. Using this TLSMODE forces connections without a client certificate to use plaintext.
VERIFY_FULL: Connection succeeds if Vertica verifies that the certificate is from a trusted CA and the certificate's cn (Common Name) or subjectAltName attribute matches the hostname or IP address of the client.

Note that for client certificates, cn is used for the username, so subjectAltName must match the hostname or IP address of the client.

VERIFY_FULL is unsupported for client-server TLS (the server TLS CONFIGURATION context) and behaves as VERIFY_CA.

Privileges

Non-superuser: ALTER privileges on the TLS CONFIGURATION.

Examples

To configure client-server TLS, see Configuring client-server TLS.

To configure TLS for the LDAP Link service and its dry run functions, see TLS for LDAP link.

To configure TLS for LDAP authentication records, see TLS for LDAP authentication.

To remove all certificates and CA certificates from the LDAPLink TLS CONFIGURATION:

=>  SELECT * FROM tls_configurations WHERE name='LDAPLink';
   name   |  owner  | certificate | ca_certificate | cipher_suites |  mode
----------+---------+-------------+----------------+---------------+---------
 LDAPLink | dbadmin | server_cert | ca             |               | DISABLE
 LDAPLink | dbadmin | server_cert | ica            |               | DISABLE
(2 rows)

=> ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION LDAPLink CERTIFICATE NULL REMOVE CA CERTIFICATES ca, ica;
ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION

=> SELECT * FROM tls_configurations WHERE name='LDAPLink';
   name   |  owner  | certificate | ca_certificate | cipher_suites |  mode
----------+---------+-------------+----------------+---------------+---------
 LDAPLink | dbadmin |             |                |               | DISABLE
(3 rows)

To use an alternate set of cipher suites for client-server TLS:

 => ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION server CIPHER SUITES
    'DHE-PSK-AES256-CBC-SHA384,
     DHE-PSK-AES128-GCM-SHA256,
     PSK-AES128-CBC-SHA256';
ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION

 => SELECT name, cipher_suites FROM tls_configurations WHERE name='server';
   name   |                               cipher_suites
 server   | DHE-PSK-AES256-CBC-SHA384,DHE-PSK-AES128-GCM-SHA256,PSK-AES128-CBC-SHA256
(1 row)

2.29 - ALTER USER

Changes user account parameters and user-level configuration parameters.

Syntax

ALTER USER user-name {
   account-parameter value[,...]
   | SET [PARAMETER] cfg-parameter=value[,...]
   | CLEAR [PARAMETER] cfg-parameter[,...]
}

Parameters

*user-name*: Name of the user. Names that contain special characters must be double-quoted. To enforce case-sensitivity, use double-quotes.
For details on name requirements, see Creating a database name and password.
account-parameter value: Specifies user account settings (see below).

Note
Changes to a user account apply only to the current session and to all later sessions launched by this user.
SET [PARAMETER]: Sets the specified configuration parameters. The new setting applies only to the current session, and to all later sessions launched by this user. Concurrent user sessions are unaffected by new settings unless they call meta-function RESET_SESSION.
CLEAR [PARAMETER]: Resets the specified configuration parameters to their default values.

Important

SET | CLEAR PARAMETER can specify only user-level configuration parameters, otherwise Vertica returns an error. For details, see Setting User-Level Configuration Parameters below.

User account parameters

Specify one or more user-account parameters and their settings as a comma-delimited list:

account-parameter value[,...]

Important

The following user-account parameters are invalid for a user who is added to the Vertica database with the LDAPLink service:

IDENTIFIED BY
PROFILE
SECURITY ALGORITHM

Parameter	Setting
`ACCOUNT`	Locks or unlocks user access to the database, one of the following: `UNLOCK` (default) `LOCK` prevents a new user from logging in. This can be useful when creating an account for a user who does not need immediate access. Tip To automate account locking, set a maximum number of failed login attempts with CREATE PROFILE.
`DEFAULT ROLE`	Specifies what roles are the default roles for this user, set to one of the following: `NONE` (default): Removes all default roles. `role``[,...]`: Comma-delimited list of roles. `ALL`: Sets as default all user roles. `ALL EXCEPT` `role``[,...]`: Comma-delimited list of roles to exclude as default roles. Default roles are automatically activated when a user logs in. The roles specified by this parameter supersede any roles assigned earlier. Note `DEFAULT ROLE` cannot be specified in combination with other `ALTER USER` parameters.
`GRACEPERIOD`	Specifies how long a user query can block on any session socket, one of the following: `NONE` (default): Removes any grace period previously set on session queries. `'``interval``'`: Specifies as an interval the maximum grace period for current session queries, up to 20 days. For details, see Handling session socket blocking.
`IDENTIFIED BY`	Changes the user's password: IDENTIFIED BY '[new-password]' \| ['hashed-password' SALT 'hash-salt'] [REPLACE 'current-password'] `new-password`: ASCII password that Vertica then hashes for internal storage. An empty string enables this user to access the database with no password. `hashed-password`: A pre-hashed password and its associated hex string `hash-salt`. Setting a password this way bypasses all password complexity requirements. REPLACE: Required for non-superusers, who must supply their current password. Non-superusers can only change their own passwords. For details, see Password guidelines and Creating a database name and password.
`IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT`	The length of time the system waits before disconnecting an idle session, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set for this user. If you omit this parameter, no limit is set for this user. `'` `interval'`: An interval value, up to one year. For details, see Managing client connections.
`MAXCONNECTIONS`	Sets the maximum number of connections the user can have to the server, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set. If you omit this parameter, the user can have an unlimited number of connections across the database cluster. `integer` `ON DATABASE`: Sets to `integer` the maximum number of connections across the database cluster. `integer` `ON NODE`: Sets to `integer` the maximum number of connections to each node. For details, see Managing client connections.
`MEMORYCAP`	Sets how much memory can be allocated to user requests, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit A string value that specifies the memory limit, one of the following: '`int``%'` expresses the maximum as a percentage of total memory available to the Resource Manager, where `int` is an integer value between 0 and 100.For example: `MEMORYCAP '40%'` `'``int``{K\|M\|G\|T}'` expresses memory allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example: `MEMORYCAP '10G'`
`PASSWORD EXPIRE`	Forces immediate expiration of the user's password. The user must change the password on the next login. Note `PASSWORD EXPIRE` has no effect when using external password authentication methods such as LDAP or Kerberos.
`PROFILE`	Assigns a profile that controls password requirements for this user, one of the following: `DEFAULT` (default): Assigns the default database profile to this user. profile-name: A profile that is defined by CREATE PROFILE.
`RENAME TO`	Assigns the user a new user name. All privileges assigned to the user remain unchanged. Note `RENAME TO` cannot be specified in combination with other `ALTER USER` parameters.
`RESOURCE POOL` `pool-name` `[FOR SUBCLUSTER` `sc-name``]`	Assigns a default resource pool to this user. The user must also be granted privileges to this pool, unless privileges to the pool are set to `PUBLIC`. The `FOR SUBCLUSTER` clause assigns a subcluster-specific resource pool to the user. You can assign only one subcluster-specific resource pool to each user.
`RUNTIMECAP`	Sets how long this user's queries can execute, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set for this user. If you omit this parameter, no limit is set for this user. `'` `interval'`: An interval value, up to one year. A query's runtime limit can be set at three levels: the user's runtime limit, the user's resource pool, and the session setting. For more information, see Setting a runtime limit for queries.
`SEARCH_PATH`	Specifies the user's default search path, that tells Vertica which schemas to search for unqualified references to tables and UDFs, one of the following: `DEFAULT` (default): Sets the search path as follows: `"$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal` Comma-delimited list of schemas. For details, see Setting Search Paths.
`SECURITY_ALGORITHM '``algorithm``'`	Sets the user-level security algorithm for hash authentication, where `algorithm` is one of the following: `NONE` (default): Uses the system-level parameter, `SecurityAlgorithm` `SHA512` `MD5` The user's password expires when you change the `SECURITY_ALGORITHM` value and must be reset.
`TEMPSPACECAP`	Sets how much temporary file storage is available for user requests, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit String value that specifies the storage limit, one of the following: `int``%` expresses the maximum as a percentage of total temporary storage available to the Resource Manager, where `int` is an integer value between 0 and 100. For example: `TEMPSPACECAP '40%'` `int``{K\|M\|G\|T}` expresses storage allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example: `TEMPSPACECAP '10G'`

Privileges

Non-superusers can change the following options on their own user accounts:

IDENTIFIED BY
RESOURCE POOL
SEARCH_PATH
SECURITY_ALGORITHM

When changing a another user's default resource pool to one outside of the PUBLIC schema, the user must have USAGE privileges on the resource pool from at least one of the following:

Setting user-level configuration parameters

SET | CLEAR PARAMETER can specify only user-level configuration parameters, otherwise Vertica returns an error. Only superusers can set and clear user-level parameters, unless they are also supported at the session level.

To get the names of user-level parameters, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS. For example:

=> SELECT parameter_name, allowed_levels FROM configuration_parameters
      WHERE allowed_levels ilike '%USER%' AND parameter_name ilike '%depot%' ORDER BY parameter_name;
       parameter_name        |     allowed_levels
-----------------------------+-------------------------
 BackgroundDepotWarming      | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 DepotOperationsForQuery     | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 EnableDepotWarmingFromPeers | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 UseDepotForReads            | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 UseDepotForWrites           | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
(5 rows)

The following example sets the user-level configuration parameter UseDepotForWrites for two users, Yvonne and Ahmed:

=> SHOW USER Yvonne PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
(1 row)

=> ALTER USER Yvonne SET PARAMETER UseDepotForWrites = 0;
ALTER USER
=> SHOW USER Yvonne PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | UseDepotForWrites       | 0
(2 rows)

=> ALTER USER Ahmed SET PARAMETER DepotOperationsForQuery = 'Fetches';
ALTER USER
=> SHOW USER ALL PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Ahmed  | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | UseDepotForWrites       | 0
(3 rows)

Examples

Change user's password

=> CREATE USER user1;
=> ALTER USER user1 IDENTIFIED BY 'newpassword';

Change user's security algorithm and password

Change a user's hash authentication and password to SHA-512 and newpassword, respectively. When you execute the ALTER USER statement, Vertica hashes the password, using the SHA-512 algorithm, and saves the hashed version:

=> CREATE USER user1;
=> ALTER USER user1 SECURITY_ALGORITHM 'SHA512' IDENTIFIED BY 'newpassword'

Assign user default roles

Make a user's assigned roles the user's default roles:

=> CREATE USER user1;
CREATE USER
=> GRANT role1, role2, role3 to user1;
=> ALTER USER user1 DEFAULT ROLE ALL;

Assign user default roles with EXCEPT

Set all user-assigned roles to default roles except role1:

=> CREATE USER user2;
CREATE USER
=> GRANT role1, role2, role3 to user2;
=> ALTER USER user2 DEFAULT ROLE ALL EXCEPT role1;

2.30 - ALTER VIEW

Modifies the metadata of an existing.

Modifies the metadata of an existing view. The changes are auto-committed.

Syntax

General usage:

ALTER VIEW [[database.]schema.]view {
    | OWNER TO owner
    | SET SCHEMA schema
    | { INCLUDE | EXCLUDE | MATERIALIZE } [ SCHEMA ] PRIVILEGES
}

Rename view:

ALTER VIEW [[database.]schema.]view[,...] RENAME TO new-view-name[,...]

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

view

The view to alter.

SET SCHEMA schema

Moves the view from one schema to another.

OWNER TO owner

Changes the view owner.

Important

The new view owner should also have SELECT privileges on the objects that the view references; otherwise the view is inaccessible to that user.

{ INCLUDE | EXCLUDE | MATERIALIZE } [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Specifies default inheritance of schema privileges for this view:

EXCLUDE [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES (default) disables inheritance of privileges from the schema.
INCLUDE [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES grants the view the same privileges granted to its schema.
MATERIALIZE: Copies grants to the view and creates a GRANT object on the view. This disables the inherited privileges flag on the view, so you can:
- Grant more specific privileges at the view level
- Use schema-level privileges as a template
- Move the view to a different schema
- Change schema privileges without affecting the view
Note
If inherited privileges are disabled at the database level, schema privileges can still be materialized.

RENAME TO

Renames one or more views:

RENAME TO new-view-name[,...]

The following requirements apply:

The new view name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.
If you specify multiple views to rename, the source and target lists must have the same number of names.
Renaming a view requires USAGE and CREATE privileges on the schema that contains the view.

Privileges

Non-superuser: USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

View owner
ALTER privilege on the view

For certain operations, non-superusers must have the following schema privileges:

Schema privileges required...	For these operations...
CREATE, USAGE	Rename view
CREATE: destination schema USAGE: current schema	Move view to another schema

Examples

Rename view view1 to view2:

=> CREATE VIEW view1 AS SELECT * FROM t;
CREATE VIEW
=> ALTER VIEW view1 RENAME TO view2;
ALTER VIEW

3 - BEGIN

Starts a transaction block.

Note

BEGIN is a synonym for START TRANSACTION.

Syntax

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ isolation-level ] [ READ [ONLY] | WRITE ]

Parameters

WORK | TRANSACTION

Optional keywords for readability only.

isolation-level

Specifies the transaction's isolation level, which determines what data the transaction can access when other transactions are running concurrently, one of the following:

READ COMMITTED (default)
SERIALIZABLE
REPEATABLE READ (automatically converted to SERIALIZABLE)
READ UNCOMMITTED (automatically converted to READ COMMITTED)

For details, see Transactions.

READ [ONLY] | WRITE

Specifies the transaction mode, one of the following:

READ WRITE (default): Transaction is read/write.
READ ONLY: Transaction is read-only.

Setting the transaction session mode to read-only disallows the following SQL statements, but does not prevent all disk write operations:

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY if the target table is not a temporary table
All CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands
GRANT, REVOKE, and EXPLAIN if the SQL to run is one of the statements cited above.

Privileges

None

Examples

Create a transaction with the isolation level set to READ COMMITTED and the transaction mode to READ WRITE:

=> BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED READ WRITE;
BEGIN
=> CREATE TABLE sample_table (a INT);
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO sample_table (a) VALUES (1);
OUTPUT
--------
1
(1 row)

=> END;
COMMIT

4 - CALL

Invokes a stored procedure created with CREATE PROCEDURE (Stored).

Invokes a stored procedure created with CREATE PROCEDURE (stored).

Syntax

CALL [[database.]schema.]procedure( [ argument-list] );

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*procedure*: The name of the stored procedure, where procedure conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
argument-list: A comma-delimited list of arguments to pass to the stored procedure, whose types correspond to the types of the argument's IN parameters.

Privileges

Non-superuser: EXECUTE on the procedure

Examples

See Executing stored procedures and Stored procedures: use cases and examples.

5 - COMMENT ON statements

COMMENT ON statements let you create comments on database objects, such as schemas, tables, and libraries.

COMMENT ON statements let you create comments on database objects, such as schemas, tables, and libraries. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

5.1 - COMMENT ON AGGREGATE FUNCTION

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on an aggregate function.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on an aggregate function. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON AGGREGATE FUNCTION [[database.]schema.]function (function-args) IS { 'comment' | NULL };

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
function: The name of the aggregate function with which to associate the comment.
function-args: The function arguments.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this function, this overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the APPROXIMATE_MEDIAN(x FLOAT) function:

=> COMMENT ON AGGREGATE FUNCTION APPROXIMATE_MEDIAN(x FLOAT) IS 'alias of APPROXIMATE_PERCENTILE with 0.5 as its parameter';

The following example removes a comment from the APPROXIMATE_MEDIAN(x FLOAT) function:

=> COMMENT ON AGGREGATE FUNCTION APPROXIMATE_MEDIAN(x FLOAT) IS NULL;

5.2 - COMMENT ON ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on an analytic function.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on an analytic function. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON ANALYTIC FUNCTION [[database.]schema.]function (function-args) IS { 'comment' | NULL };

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
function: The name of the analytic function with which to associate the comment.
function-args: The function arguments.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this function, this overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the user-defined an_rank() function:

=> COMMENT ON ANALYTIC FUNCTION an_rank() IS 'built from the AnalyticFunctions library';

The following example removes a comment from the user-defined an_rank() function:

=> COMMENT ON ANALYTIC FUNCTION an_rank() IS NULL;

5.3 - COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a constraint.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a constraint. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT constraint ON [[database.]schema.]table IS ... {'comment' | NULL };

Parameters

constraint: The name of the constraint associated with the comment.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
table: The name of the table constraint with which to associate a comment.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this constraint, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the constraint_x constraint on the promotion_dimension table:

=> COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT constraint_x ON promotion_dimension IS 'Primary key';

The following example removes a comment from the constraint_x constraint on the promotion_dimension table:

=> COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT constraint_x ON promotion_dimension IS NULL;

5.4 - COMMENT ON FUNCTION

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a function.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a function. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON FUNCTION [[database.]schema.]function (function-args) IS { 'comment' | NULL };

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
function: The name of the function with which to associate the comment.
function-args: The function arguments.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this function, this overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the macros.zerowhennull (x INT) function:

=> COMMENT ON FUNCTION macros.zerowhennull(x INT) IS 'Returns a 0 if not NULL';

The following example removes a comment from the macros.zerowhennull (x INT) function:

=> COMMENT ON FUNCTION macros.zerowhennull(x INT) IS NULL;

5.5 - COMMENT ON LIBRARY

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a library.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a library . Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON LIBRARY [[database.]schema.]library IS {'comment' | NULL}

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*library*: The name of the library associated with the comment.
*comment*: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this library, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the library MyFunctions:

=> COMMENT ON LIBRARY MyFunctions IS 'In development';

The following example removes a comment from the library MyFunctions:

=> COMMENT ON LIBRARY MyFunctions IS NULL;

5.6 - COMMENT ON NODE

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a node.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a node. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Dropping an object drops all comments associated with the object.

Syntax

COMMENT ON NODE node-name IS  { 'comment' | NULL }

Parameters

node-name: The name of the node associated with the comment.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this node, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment for the initiator node:

=> COMMENT ON NODE initiator IS 'Initiator node';

The following example removes a comment from the initiator node:

=> COMMENT ON NODE initiator IS NULL;

5.7 - COMMENT ON PROJECTION

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a projection.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a projection. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Dropping an object drops all comments associated with the object.

Syntax

COMMENT ON PROJECTION [[database.]schema.]projection IS { 'comment' | NULL }

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
projection: The name of the projection associated with the comment.
comment: Specifies the text of the comment to add. If a comment already exists for this projection, the comment you enter here overwrites the previous comment.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the customer_dimension_vmart_node01 projection:

=> COMMENT ON PROJECTION customer_dimension_vmart_node01 IS 'Test data';

The following example removes a comment from the customer_dimension_vmart_node01 projection:

=> COMMENT ON PROJECTION customer_dimension_vmart_node01 IS NULL;

5.8 - COMMENT ON PROJECTION COLUMN

Adds, revises, or removes a projection column comment.

Adds, revises, or removes a projection column comment. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON COLUMN [[database.]schema.]projection.column IS {'comment' | NULL}

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
projection.column: The name of the projection and column with which to associate the comment.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this column, this comment overwrites the previous comment.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the customer_name column in the customer_dimension projection:

=> COMMENT ON COLUMN customer_dimension_vmart_node01.customer_name IS 'Last name only';

The following example removes a comment from the customer_name column in the customer_dimension projection:

=> COMMENT ON COLUMN customer_dimension_vmart_node01.customer_name IS NULL;

5.9 - COMMENT ON SCHEMA

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a schema.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a schema. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON SCHEMA schema-name IS {'comment' | NULL}

Parameters

*schema-name*: The schema associated with the comment.
*comment*: Text of the comment to add. If a comment already exists for this schema, the comment you enter here overwrites the previous comment.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the public schema:

=> COMMENT ON SCHEMA public  IS 'All users can access this schema';

The following example removes a comment from the public schema.

=> COMMENT ON SCHEMA public IS NULL;

5.10 - COMMENT ON SEQUENCE

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a sequence.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a sequence. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON SEQUENCE [[database.]schema.]sequence IS { 'comment' | NULL }

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*sequence*: The name of the sequence associated with the comment.
*comment*: Specifies the text of the comment to add. If a comment already exists for this sequence, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the sequence called prom_seq.

=> COMMENT ON SEQUENCE prom_seq IS 'Promotion codes';

The following example removes a comment from the prom_seq sequence.

=> COMMENT ON SEQUENCE prom_seq IS NULL;

5.11 - COMMENT ON TABLE

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a table.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a table. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON TABLE [[database.]schema.]table IS { 'comment' | NULL }

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
table: The name of the table with which to associate the comment.
comment: Specifies the text of the comment to add. Enclose the text of the comment within single-quotes. If a comment already exists for this table, the comment you enter here overwrites the previous comment.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes a previously added comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the promotion_dimension table:

=> COMMENT ON TABLE promotion_dimension IS '2011 Promotions';

The following example removes a comment from the promotion_dimension table:

=> COMMENT ON TABLE promotion_dimension IS NULL;

5.12 - COMMENT ON TABLE COLUMN

Adds, revises, or removes a table column comment.

Adds, revises, or removes a table column comment. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON COLUMN [[database.]schema.]table.column IS {'comment' | NULL}

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
table.column: The name of the table and column with which to associate the comment.
comment: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this column, this comment overwrites the previous comment.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the transaction_time column in the store_sales_fact table in the store schema:

=> COMMENT ON COLUMN store.store_sales_fact.transaction_time IS 'GMT';

The following example removes a comment from the transaction_time column in the store_sales_fact table in the store schema:

=> COMMENT ON COLUMN store.store_sales_fact.transaction_time IS NULL;

5.13 - COMMENT ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a user-defined transform function.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a user-defined transform function. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION [[database.]schema.]tfunction
...( [ tfunction-arg-name tfunction-arg-type ][,...] ) IS {'comment' | NULL}

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*tfunction*: The name of the transform function with which to associate the comment.
tfunction-arg-name tfunction-arg-type: The names and data types of one or more transform function arguments. If you supply argument names and types, each type must match the type specified in the library used to create the original transform function.
*comment*: Specifies the comment text to add. If a comment already exists for this transform function, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment to the macros.zerowhennull (x INT) UTF function:

=> COMMENT ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION macros.zerowhennull(x INT) IS 'Returns a 0 if not NULL';

The following example removes a comment from the acros.zerowhennull (x INT) function by using the NULL option:

=> COMMENT ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION macros.zerowhennull(x INT) IS NULL;

5.14 - COMMENT ON VIEW

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a view.

Adds, revises, or removes a comment on a view. Each object can have one comment. Comments are stored in the system table COMMENTS.

Syntax

COMMENT ON VIEW [[database.]schema.]view IS { 'comment' | NULL }

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*view*: The name of the view with which to associate the comment.
*comment*: Specifies the text of the comment to add. If a comment already exists for this view, this comment overwrites the previous one.
Comments can be up to 8192 characters in length. If a comment exceeds that limitation, Vertica truncates the comment and alerts the user with a message.
NULL: Removes an existing comment.

Privileges

Non-superuser: object owner

Examples

The following example adds a comment from the curr_month_ship view:

=> COMMENT ON VIEW curr_month_ship IS 'Shipping data for the current month';

The following example removes a comment from the curr_month_ship view:

=> COMMENT ON VIEW curr_month_ship IS NULL;

6 - COMMIT

Ends the current transaction and makes all changes that occurred during the transaction permanent and visible to other users.

COMMIT is a synonym for END

Syntax

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

Parameters

WORK TRANSACTION: Optional keywords for readability only.

Privileges

None

Examples

This example shows how to commit an insert.

=> CREATE TABLE sample_table (a INT);
=> INSERT INTO sample_table (a) VALUES (1);
OUTPUT
--------
1
=> COMMIT;

7 - CONNECT TO VERTICA

Connects to another Vertica database to enable importing and exporting data across Vertica databases, with COPY FROM VERTICA and EXPORT TO VERTICA, respectively.

Connects to another Vertica database to enable importing and exporting data across Vertica databases, with COPY FROM VERTICA and EXPORT TO VERTICA, respectively.

After you establish a connection to another database, the connection remains open in the current session until you explicitly close it with DISCONNECT. You can have only one connection to another database at a time. However, you can establish successive connections to different databases in the same session.

By default, invoking CONNECT TO VERTICA occurs over the Vertica private network. For information about creating a connection over a public network, see Using public and private IP networks.

Important

The following restrictions apply:

Copy and export operations can fail if either side of the connection is a single-node cluster installed to localhost.
CONNECT TO VERTICA fails if you attempt to connect to a database whose server TLS CONFIGURATION uses a TLSMODE of VERIFY_CA or VERIFY_FULL. For details, see Configuring client-server TLS.

Syntax

CONNECT TO VERTICA db-spec USER username PASSWORD 'password' ON 'host', port [TLSMODE PREFER]

Parameters

*db-spec*: The target database, either the database name or DEFAULT.
*username*: The username to use when connecting to the other database.
*password*: A string containing the password to use to connect to the target database.
If the target database has no password, and you supply one, the connection succeeds; however, Vertica returns no indication that you supplied an incorrect password.
*host*: A string containing the host name of one of the nodes in the other database.
*port*: The port number of the other database as an integer.
TLSMODE PREFER: Overrides the value of configuration parameter ImportExportTLSMode for this connection to PREFER. If ImportExportTLSMode is set to *_FORCE you cannot override it.

Privileges

None

Security requirements

When importing from or exporting to a Vertica database, you can connect only to a database that uses trusted (username only) or password-based authentication, as described in Security and authentication. SSL, Kerberos, and OAuth authentication methods are not supported.

If configured with a certificate, Vertica encrypts data during transmission using TLS and attempts to encrypt plan metadata. You can set configuration parameter ImportExportTLSMode to require encryption for plan metadata.

Examples

=> CONNECT TO VERTICA ExampleDB USER dbadmin PASSWORD 'Password123' ON 'VerticaHost01',5433;
CONNECT

8 - COPY

COPY; Load data;.

COPY bulk-loads data into a Vertica database. By default, COPY automatically commits itself and any current transaction except when loading temporary tables. If COPY is terminated or interrupted Vertica rolls it back.

COPY reads data as UTF-8 encoding.

For information on loading one or more files or pipes on a cluster host or on a client system, see COPY LOCAL.

Syntax

COPY [ /*+ LABEL (label-string)*/ ] [[database.]schema-name.]target-table
   [ ( { column-as-expression | column }
       [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
       [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char' ]
       [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
       [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
       [ FILLER datatype]
       [ FORMAT 'format' ]
       [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
       [ TRIM 'byte' ]
       [,...] ) ]
   [ COLUMN OPTION ( column 
       [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
       [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char' ]
       [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
       [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
       [ FORMAT 'format' ]
       [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
       [ TRIM 'byte' ]
     [,...] ) ]
FROM {
   [ LOCAL ] STDIN [ input-format ]
   | 'path-to-data' [ ON { nodename | (nodeset) | ANY NODE } ] [ compression ] }[,...]
   | LOCAL '`*`path-to-data`*`' [ compression ] [,...]
   | VERTICA source-database.[source-schema.]source-table[( source-column[,...] ) ]
  }
  | [ WITH ] UDL-clause[...]
}
   [ ABORT ON ERROR ]
   [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
   [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char'
   [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
   [ ERROR TOLERANCE ]
   [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
   [ EXCEPTIONS 'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...]
   [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
   [ RECORD TERMINATOR 'string' ]
   [ REJECTED DATA {'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...] | AS TABLE reject-table} ]
   [ REJECTMAX integer ]
   [ SKIP integer ]
   [ SKIP BYTES integer ]
   [ STREAM NAME  'streamName']
   [ TRAILING NULLCOLS ]
   [ TRIM 'byte' ]
   [ [ WITH ] PARSER parser ([ arg=value[,...] ]) ] ]
   [ NO COMMIT ]

Parameters

See Parameters.

Restrictions

See Restrictions.

Privileges

Superusers have full COPY privileges. The following requirements apply to non-superusers:

INSERT privilege on table
USAGE privilege on schema
USER-accessible storage location
Applicable READ or WRITE privileges granted to the storage location where files are read or written

COPY can specify a path to store rejected data and exceptions. If the path resolves to a storage location, the following privileges apply to non-superusers:

The storage location was created with the USER option (see CREATE LOCATION).
The user must has READ access to the storage location, as described in GRANT (storage location)

8.1 - DELIMITED (parser)

Use the DELIMITED parser, which is the default, to load delimited text data using COPY.

Use the DELIMITED parser, which is the default, to load delimited text data using COPY. You can specify the delimiter, escape characters, how to handle null values, and other parameters.

The DELIMITED parser supports reading one-dimensional collections (arrays or sets) of scalar types.

COPY options

The following options are specific to this parser. See Parameters for other applicable options.

DELIMITER

Indicates the single ASCII character used to separate columns within each record of a file. You can use any ASCII value in the range E'\000' to E'\177', inclusive. You cannot use the same character for both the DELIMITER and NULL parameters. For more information, see Delimited data.

Default: Vertical bar ('|').

ENCLOSED [BY]

Sets the quote character within which to enclose data, allowing delimiter characters to be embedded in string values. You can choose any ASCII value in the range E'\001' to E'\177' inclusive (any ASCII character except NULL: E'\000'). By default, ENCLOSED BY has no value, meaning data is not enclosed by any sort of quote character.

ESCAPE [AS]

Sets the escape character. Once set, the character following the escape character is interpreted literally, rather than as a special character. You can define an escape character using any ASCII value in the range E'\001' to E'\177', inclusive (any ASCII character except NULL: E'\000').

The COPY statement does not interpret the data it reads in as String literals. It also does not follow the same escape rules as other SQL statements (including the COPY parameters). When reading data, COPY interprets only the characters defined by these options as special values:

ESCAPE [AS]
DELIMITER
ENCLOSED [BY]
RECORD TERMINATOR
All COLLECTION options

Default: Backslash ('\').

NO ESCAPE

Eliminates escape-character handling. Use this option if you do not need any escape character and you want to prevent characters in your data from being interpreted as escape sequences.

RECORD TERMINATOR

Specifies the literal character string indicating the end of a data file record. For more information about using this parameter, see Delimited data.

TRAILING NULLCOLS

Specifies that if Vertica encounters a record with insufficient data to match the columns in the table column list, COPY inserts the missing columns with NULL values. For other information and examples, see Fixed-width format data.

COLLECTIONDELIMITER

For columns of collection types, indicates the single ASCII character used to separate elements within each collection. You can use any ASCII value in the range E'\000' to E'\177', inclusive. No COLLECTION option may have the same value as any other COLLECTION option. For more information, see Delimited data.

Default: Comma (',').

COLLECTIONOPEN, COLLECTIONCLOSE

For columns of collection types, these options indicate the characters that mark the beginning and end of the collection. It is an error to use these characters elsewhere within the list of elements without escaping them. No COLLECTION option may have the same value as any other COLLECTION option.

Default: Square brackets ('[' and ']').

COLLECTIONNULLELEMENT

The string representing a null element value in a collection. You can specify a null value as any ASCII value in the range E'\001' to E'\177' inclusive (any ASCII value except NULL: E'\000'). No COLLECTION option may have the same value as any other COLLECTION option. For more information, see Delimited data.

Default: 'null'

COLLECTIONENCLOSE

For columns of collection types, sets the quote character within which to enclose individual elements, allowing delimiter characters to be embedded in string values. You can choose any ASCII value in the range E'\001' to E'\177' inclusive (any ASCII character except NULL: E'\000').

No COLLECTION option may have the same value as any other COLLECTION option.

Default: double quote ('"')

Examples

The following example shows the default behavior, in which the delimiter character is '|'

=> CREATE TABLE employees (id INT, name VARCHAR(50), department VARCHAR(50));
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY employees FROM STDIN;
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> 42|Sheldon Cooper|Physics
>> 17|Howard Wolowitz|Astronomy
>> \.

=> SELECT * FROM employees;
 id |      name       |  department
----+-----------------+--------------
 17 | Howard Wolowitz | Astrophysics
 42 | Sheldon Cooper  | Physics
(2 rows)

The following example shows loading array values with the default options.

=> CREATE TABLE researchers (id INT, name VARCHAR, grants ARRAY[VARCHAR], values ARRAY[INT]);
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY researchers FROM STDIN;
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> 42|Sheldon Cooper|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[65000,135000]
>> 17|Howard Wolowitz|[NASA-1683,NASA-7867,SPX-76]|[16700,85000,45000]
>> \.

=> SELECT * FROM researchers;
 id |      name       |               grants               |       values
----+-----------------+------------------------------------+---------------------
 17 | Howard Wolowitz | ["NASA-1683","NASA-7867","SPX-76"] | [16700,85000,45000]
 42 | Sheldon Cooper  | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"]           | [65000,135000]
(2 rows)

In the following example, collections are enclosed in braces and delimited by periods, and the arrays contain null values.

=> COPY researchers FROM STDIN COLLECTIONOPEN '{' COLLECTIONCLOSE '}' COLLECTIONDELIMITER '.';
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> 19|Leonard|{"us-1672".null."darpa-1963"}|{16200.null.16700}
>> \.

=> SELECT * FROM researchers;
 id |      name       |               grants               |       values
----+-----------------+------------------------------------+---------------------
 17 | Howard Wolowitz | ["NASA-1683","NASA-7867","SPX-76"] | [16700,85000,45000]
 42 | Sheldon Cooper  | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"]           | [65000,135000]
 19 | Leonard         | ["us-1672",null,"darpa-1963"]      | [16200,null,16700]
(3 rows)

8.2 - Examples

For additional COPY examples, see the reference pages for specific parsers, including: DELIMITED (Parser), ORC (Parser), PARQUET (Parser), FJSONPARSER (Parser), and FAVROPARSER (Parser).

For additional COPY examples, see the reference pages for specific parsers, including: DELIMITED (parser), ORC (parser), PARQUET (parser), FJSONPARSER (parser), and FAVROPARSER (parser).

Specifying string options

Use COPY with FORMAT, DELIMITER, NULL, and ENCLOSED BY options:

=> COPY public.customer_dimension (customer_since FORMAT 'YYYY')
   FROM STDIN
   DELIMITER ','
   NULL AS 'null'
   ENCLOSED BY '"';

Use COPY with DELIMITER and NULL options. This example sets and references a vsql variable for the input file:

=> \set input_file ../myCopyFromLocal/large_table.gzip
=> COPY store.store_dimension
   FROM :input_file
   DELIMITER '|'
   NULL ''
   RECORD TERMINATOR E'\f';

Including multiple source files

Create a table and then copy multiple source files to it:

=> CREATE TABLE sampletab (a int);
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY sampletab FROM '/home/dbadmin/one.dat', 'home/dbadmin/two.dat';
 Rows Loaded
-------------
           2
(1 row)

Use wildcards to indicate a group of files:

=> COPY myTable FROM 'webhdfs:///mydirectory/ofmanyfiles/*.dat';

Wildcards can include regular expressions:

=> COPY myTable FROM 'webhdfs:///mydirectory/*_[0-9]';

Specify multiple paths in a single COPY statement:

=> COPY myTable FROM 'webhdfs:///data/sales/01/*.dat', 'webhdfs:///data/sales/02/*.dat',
    'webhdfs:///data/sales/historical.dat';

Distributing a load

Load data that is shared across all nodes. Vertica distributes the load across all nodes, if possible:

=> COPY sampletab FROM '/data/file.dat' ON ANY NODE;

Load data from two files. Because the first load file does not specify nodes (or ON ANY NODE), the initiator performs the load. Loading the second file is distributed across all nodes:

=> COPY sampletab FROM '/data/file1.dat', '/data/file2.dat' ON ANY NODE;

Specify different nodes for each load file:

=> COPY sampletab FROM '/data/file1.dat' ON (v_vmart_node0001, v_vmart_node0002),
    '/data/file2.dat' ON (v_vmart_node0003, v_vmart_node0004);

Loading data from shared storage

To load data from shared storage, use URLs in the corresponding schemes:

HDFS: [[s]web]hdfs://[nameservice]/path
S3: s3://bucket/path
Google Cloud: gs://bucket/path
Azure: azb://account/container/path

Note

Loads from HDFS, S3, GCS, and Azure default to ON ANY NODE; you do not need to specify it.

Load a file stored in HDFS using the default name node or name service:

=> COPY t FROM 'webhdfs:///opt/data/file1.dat';

Load data from a particular HDFS name service (testNS). You specify a name service if your database is configured to read from more than one HDFS cluster:

=> COPY t FROM 'webhdfs://testNS/opt/data/file2.csv';

Load data from an S3 bucket:

=> COPY t FROM 's3://AWS_DataLake/*' ORC;

Loading Hadoop native formats

Load data in the ORC format from HDFS:

=> COPY t FROM 'webhdfs:///opt/data/sales.orc' ORC;

Load Parquet data from an S3 bucket:

=> COPY t FROM 's3://AWS_DataLake/sales.parquet' PARQUET;

Using filler columns

In the following example, the table has columns for first name, last name, and full name, but the data being loaded contains columns for first, middle, and last names. The COPY statement reads all of the source data but only loads the source columns for first and last names. It constructs the data for the full name by concatenating each of the source data columns, including the middle name. The middle name is read as a FILLER column so it can be used in the concatenation, but is ignored otherwise. (There is no table column for middle name.)

=> CREATE TABLE names(first VARCHAR(20), last VARCHAR(20), full VARCHAR(60));
CREATE TABLE
=> COPY names(first,
              middle FILLER VARCHAR(20),
              last,
              full AS first||' '||middle||' '||last)
      FROM STDIN;
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> Marc|Gregory|Smith
>> Sue|Lucia|Temp
>> Jon|Pete|Hamilton
>> \.
=> SELECT * from names;
 first |   last   |        full
-------+----------+--------------------
 Jon   | Hamilton | Jon Pete Hamilton
 Marc  | Smith    | Marc Gregory Smith
 Sue   | Temp     | Sue Lucia Temp
(3 rows)

Loading data into a flex table

Create a Flex table and copy JSON data into it using FJSONPARSER:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE darkdata();
CREATE TABLE
=> COPY tweets FROM '/myTest/Flexible/DATA/tweets_12.json' PARSER FJSONPARSER();
 Rows Loaded
-------------
          12
(1 row)

Using named pipes

COPY supports named pipes that follow the same naming conventions as file names on the given file system. Permissions are open, write, and close.

Create named pipe, pipe1, and set two vsql variables:

=> \! mkfifo  pipe1
=> \set dir `pwd`/
=> \set file '''':dir'pipe1'''

Copy an uncompressed file from the named pipe:

=> \! cat pf1.dat > pipe1 &
=> COPY large_tbl FROM :file delimiter '|';
=> SELECT * FROM large_tbl;
=> COMMIT;

Loading compressed data

Copy a GZIP file from a named pipe and uncompress it:

=> \! gzip pf1.dat
=> \! cat pf1.dat.gz > pipe1 &
=> COPY large_tbl FROM :file ON site01 GZIP delimiter '|';
=> SELECT * FROM large_tbl;
=> COMMIT;
=> \!gunzip pf1.dat.gz

8.3 - FAVROPARSER (parser)

Parses data from an Avro file.

Parses data from an Avro file. The input file must use binary serialization encoding. Use this parser to load data into columnar, flex, and hybrid tables.

You can load complex types in the Avro source (arrays, structs, or combinations) with strong typing or as flexible complex types. A flexible complex type is loaded into a VMap column, as in flex tables. To load complex types as VMap columns, specify a column type of LONG VARBINARY. To preserve the indexing in complex types, set flatten_maps to false.

When loading into a flex table, Vertica loads all data into the __raw__ (VMap) column, including complex types found in the data.

Note

FAVROPARSER does not support Avro files with separate schema files. The Avro file must have its related schema in the file you are loading.

Syntax

FAVROPARSER ( [parameter=value[,...]] )

Parameters

flatten_maps

Boolean, whether to flatten all Avro maps. Key names are concatenated with nested levels. This value is recursive and affects all data in the load.

This parameter applies only to flex tables or VMap columns and is ignored when loading strongly-typed complex types.

Default: true

flatten_arrays

Boolean, whether to flatten all Avro arrays. Key names are concatenated with nested levels. This value is recursive and affects all data in the load.

This parameter applies only to flex tables or VMap columns and is ignored when loading strongly-typed complex types.

Default: false

flatten_records

Boolean, whether to flatten all Avro records. Key names are concatenated with nested levels. This value is recursive and affects all data in the load.

This parameter applies only to flex tables or VMap columns and is ignored when loading strongly-typed complex types.

Default: true

reject_on_materialized_type_error

Boolean, whether to reject a data row that contains a materialized column value that cannot be coerced into a compatible data type. If the value is false and the type cannot be coerced, the parser sets the value in that column to null.

If the column is a strongly-typed complex type, as opposed to a flexible complex type, then a type mismatch anywhere in the complex type causes the entire column to be treated as a mismatch. The parser does not partially load complex types.

Default: false

Primitive data types

FAVROPARSER supports the following primitive data types, including as element types and field values in complex types.

AVRO Data Type	Vertica Data Type	Value
NULL	NULL value	No value
boolean	Boolean data type	A binary value
int	INTEGER	32-bit signed integer
long	INTEGER	64-bit signed integer
float	DOUBLE PRECISION (FLOAT) Synonymous with 64-bit IEEE FLOAT	Single precision (32-bit) IEEE 754 floating-point number
double	DOUBLE PRECISION (FLOAT)	Double precision (64-bit) IEEE 754 floating-point number
bytes	VARBINARY	Sequence of 8-bit unsigned bytes
string	VARCHAR	Unicode character sequence

Note

Vertica does not have an explicit 4-byte (32-bit integer) or smaller types. Instead, Vertica encoding and compression automatically eliminate the storage overhead of values that require less than 64 bits.

Avro logical types

FAVROPARSER supports the following Avro logical types. The target column must use a Vertica data type that supports the logical type. When you attempt to load data using an invalid logical type, the logical type is ignored and the underlying Avro type is used.

AVRO Logical Type	Base Avro Type	Supported Vertica Data Types
`decimal` 0 < `precision` ≤ 1024 0 ≤ `scale` ≤ `precision`	`bytes` or `fixed`	NUMERIC, Character Vertica rejects the value if: The Avro precision setting is greater than the precision setting for the target column. For fixed types, the precision value is greater than what is allowed by the `size` attribute. If the data type for the target column uses the default precision setting, the precision setting in the Avro schema overrides the default.
`date`	`integer`	DATE, Character
`time-micros`	`long`	TIME/TIMETZ, Character The time logical type does not provide a time zone value. For target columns that use the TIMETZ data type, Vertica uses UTC as the default.
`time-millis`	`int`
`timestamp-micros`	`long`	TIMESTAMP/TIMESTAMPTZ, TIME/TIMETZ For `timestamp-millis` only, the timezone is included and is represented as an offset to UTC. Additionally, the millisecond values are right-extended with padded zeros.
`timestamp-millis`	`long`
`duration`	`fixed`	INTERVAL, Character

Avro complex data types

The Avro format supports several complex data types. When loading into strongly-typed columns, you can use the ROW and ARRAY types to represent them. For example, Avro Record and Enums are structs (ROWs); see the Avro specification.

You can use ARRAY[ROW] to match an Avro map. You must name the ROW fields key and value. These are the names that the Avro format uses for those fields in the data, and the parser relies on field names to match data to table columns.

When loading into flex tables or using flexible complex types, this parser handles Avro complex types as follows:

Record

The name of each field is used as a virtual column name. If flatten_records is true and several nesting levels are present, Vertica concatenates the record names to create the key name.

Map

The value of each map key is used as a virtual column name. If flatten_maps is true and several nesting levels are present, Vertica concatenates the key names to create the key name.

Enum

Vertica treats Avro Enums like records, with the name of the Enum as the key and the value as the value.

Array

Vertica treats Avro Arrays as key/value pairs. By default, the index of each element is the key. In the following example, product_detail is a Record with a field, product_category, that is an Array:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE products;
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY products FROM :datafile WITH PARSER FAVROPARSER();
 Rows Loaded
-------------
           2
(1 row)

=> SELECT MAPTOSTRING(__raw__) FROM products ORDER BY __identity__;
                    maptostring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {
    "__name__": "Order",
    "customer_id": "111222",
    "order_details": {
        "0.__name__": "OrderDetail",
        "0.product_detail.__name__": "Product",
        "0.product_detail.price": "46.21",
        "0.product_detail.product_category": {
            "0": "electronics",
            "1": "printers",
            "2": "computers"
        },
        "0.product_detail.product_description": "hp printer X11ew description :\
P",
        "0.product_detail.product_hash": "\u0000\u0001\u0002\u0003\u0004",
        "0.product_detail.product_id": "999012",
        "0.product_detail.product_map.one": "1.1",
        "0.product_detail.product_map.two": "1.1",
        "0.product_detail.product_name": "hp printer X11ew",
        "0.product_detail.product_status": "ONLY_FEW_LEFT",
        "0.quantity": "3",
        "0.total": "354.34"
    },
    "order_id": "2389646",
    "total": "132.43"
}
...

If flatten_arrays is true and several nesting levels are present, Vertica concatenates the indices to create the key name.

=> COPY products FROM :datafile WITH PARSER FAVROPARSER(flatten_arrays=true);
 Rows Loaded
-------------
           2
(1 row)

=> SELECT MAPTOSTRING(__raw__) FROM products ORDER BY __identity__;
                    maptostring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 {
    "__name__": "Order",
    "customer_id": "111222",
    "order_details.0.__name__": "OrderDetail",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.__name__": "Product",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.price": "46.21",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_category.0": "electronics",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_category.1": "printers",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_category.2": "computers",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_description": "hp printer X11ew des\
cription :P",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_hash": "\u0000\u0001\u0002\u0003\u0\
004",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_id": "999012",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_map.one": "1.1",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_map.two": "1.1",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_name": "hp printer X11ew",
    "order_details.0.product_detail.product_status": "ONLY_FEW_LEFT",
    "order_details.0.quantity": "3",
    "order_details.0.total": "354.34",
    "order_id": "2389646",
    "total": "132.43"
}
...

Union

Vertica treats Avro Unions as arrays.

Examples

This example shows how to create and load a flex table with Avro data using favroparser. After loading the data, you can query virtual columns:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE avro_basic();
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY avro_basic FROM '/home/dbadmin/data/weather.avro' PARSER FAVROPARSER();
Rows Loaded
-------------
5
(1 row)

=> SELECT station, temp, time FROM avro_basic;
station | temp |     time
---------+------+---------------
mohali  | 0    | -619524000000
lucknow | 22   | -619506000000
norwich | -11  | -619484400000
ams     | 111  | -655531200000
baddi   | 78   | -655509600000
(5 rows)

For more information, see Avro data.

8.4 - FJSONPARSER (parser)

Parses and loads a JSON file.

Parses and loads a JSON file. This file can contain either repeated JSON data objects (including nested maps), or an outer list of JSON elements.

When loading into a flex or hybrid table, the parser stores the JSON data in a single-value VMap. When loading into a hybrid or columnar table, the parser loads data directly into any table column with a column name that matches a key in the JSON source data.

You can load complex types in the JSON source (arrays, structs, or combinations) with strong typing or as flexible complex types. A flexible complex type is loaded into a VMap column, as in flex tables. To load complex types as VMap columns, specify a column type of LONG VARBINARY. To preserve the indexing in complex types, set flatten_maps to false.

Syntax

FJSONPARSER ( [parameter=value[,...]] )

Parameters

flatten_maps

Boolean, whether to flatten sub-maps within the JSON data, separating map levels with a period (.). This value affects all data in the load, including nested maps.

This parameter applies only to flex tables or VMap columns and is ignored when loading strongly-typed complex types.

Default: true

flatten_arrays

Boolean, whether to convert lists to sub-maps with integer keys. When lists are flattened, key names are concatenated as for maps. Lists are not flattened by default. This value affects all data in the load, including nested lists.

This parameter applies only to flex tables or VMap columns and is ignored when loading strongly-typed complex types.

Default: false

reject_on_duplicate

Boolean, whether to ignore duplicate records (false), or to reject duplicates (true). In either case, the load continues.

Default: false

reject_on_empty_key

Boolean, whether to reject any row containing a field key without a value.

Default: false

omit_empty_keys

Boolean, whether to omit any field key from the data that does not have a value. Other fields in the same record are loaded.

Default: false

record_terminator

When set, any invalid JSON records are skipped and parsing continues with the next record. Records must be terminated uniformly. For example, if your input file has JSON records terminated by newline characters, set this parameter to E'\n'). If any invalid JSON records exist, parsing continues after the next record_terminator.

Even if the data does not contain invalid records, specifying an explicit record terminator can improve load performance by allowing cooperative parse and apportioned load to operate more efficiently.

When you omit this parameter, parsing ends at the first invalid JSON record.

reject_on_materialized_type_error

Default: false

start_point

String, the name of a key in the JSON load data at which to begin parsing. The parser ignores all data before the start_point value. The value is loaded for each object in the file. The parser processes data after the first instance, and up to the second, ignoring any remaining data.

start_point_occurrence

Integer, the nth occurrence of the value you specify with start_point. Use in conjunction with start_point when the data has multiple start values and you know the occurrence at which to begin parsing.

Default: 1

suppress_nonalphanumeric_key_chars

Boolean, whether to suppress non-alphanumeric characters in JSON key values. The parser replaces these characters with an underscore (_) when this parameter is true.

Default: false

key_separator

Character for the parser to use when concatenating key names.

Default: period (.)

Examples

The following example loads JSON data from STDIN using the default parameters:

=> CREATE TABLE people(age INT, name VARCHAR);
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY people FROM STDIN PARSER FJSONPARSER();
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> {"age": 5, "name": "Tim"}
>>  {"age": 3}
>>  {"name": "Fred"}
>>  {"name": "Bob", "age": 10}
>> \.
=> SELECT * FROM people;
 age | name
-----+------
     | Fred
  10 | Bob
   5 | Tim
   3 |
(4 rows)

The following example uses the reject_on_duplicate parameter to reject duplicate values:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE json_dupes();
CREATE TABLE
=> COPY json_dupes FROM stdin PARSER fjsonparser(reject_on_duplicate=true)
exceptions '/home/dbadmin/load_errors/json_e.out'
rejected data '/home/dbadmin/load_errors/json_r.out';
Enter data to be copied followed by a newline.
End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself.
>> {"a":"1","a":"2","b":"3"}
>> \.
=>  \!cat /home/dbadmin/load_errors/json_e.out
COPY: Input record 1 has been rejected (Rejected by user-defined parser).
Please see /home/dbadmin/load_errors/json_r.out, record 1 for the rejected record.
COPY: Loaded 0 rows, rejected 1 rows.

The following example loads array data:

$ cat addrs.json
 {"number": 301, "street": "Grant", "attributes": [1, 2, 3, 4]}

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customers(number INT, street VARCHAR, attributes ARRAY[INT])
    AS COPY FROM 'addrs.json' PARSER fjsonparser();

=> SELECT number, street, attributes FROM customers;
 num | street| attributes
-----+-----------+---------------
301  | Grant | [1,2,3,4]
(1 row)

The following example loads a flexible complex type, rejecting rows that have empty keys within the nested records. Notice that while the data has two restaurants, one has a key name that is an empty string. This one is rejected:

$ cat rest1.json
{
    "name" : "Bob's pizzeria",
    "cuisine" : "Italian",
    "location_city" : ["Cambridge", "Pittsburgh"],
    "menu" : [{"item" : "cheese pizza", "" : "$8.25"},
              {"item" : "spinach pizza", "price" : "$10.50"}]
}
{
    "name" : "Bakersfield Tacos",
    "cuisine" : "Mexican",
    "location_city" : ["Pittsburgh"],
    "menu" : [{"item" : "veggie taco", "price" : "$9.95"},
              {"item" : "steak taco", "price" : "$10.95"}]
}

=> CREATE TABLE rest (name VARCHAR, cuisine VARCHAR, location_city LONG VARBINARY, menu LONG VARBINARY);

=> COPY rest FROM '/data/rest1.json'
    PARSER fjsonparser(flatten_maps=false, reject_on_empty_key=true);
Rows Loaded
------------
       1
(1 row)

=> SELECT maptostring(location_city), maptostring(menu) FROM rest;
        maptostring        |                          maptostring
---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------
 {
    "0": "Pittsburgh"
} | {
    "0": {
        "item": "veggie taco",
        "price": "$9.95"
    },
    "1": {
        "item": "steak taco",
        "price": "$10.95"
    }
}
(1 row)

To instead load partial data, use omit_empty_keys to bypass the missing keys while loading everything else:



=> COPY rest FROM '/data/rest1.json'
    PARSER fjsonparser(flatten_maps=false, omit_empty_keys=true);
 Rows Loaded
-------------
           2
(1 row)

=> SELECT maptostring(location_city), maptostring(menu) from rest;
                   maptostring                   |               maptostring
-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
 {
    "0": "Pittsburgh"
}                       | {
    "0": {
        "item": "veggie taco",
        "price": "$9.95"
    },
    "1": {
        "item": "steak taco",
        "price": "$10.95"
    }
}
 {
    "0": "Cambridge",
    "1": "Pittsburgh"
} | {
    "0": {
        "item": "cheese pizza"
    },
    "1": {
        "item": "spinach pizza",
        "price": "$10.50"
    }
}
(2 rows)

To instead load this data with strong typing, define the complex types in the table:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE restaurants
  (name VARCHAR, cuisine VARCHAR,
   location_city ARRAY[VARCHAR(80)],
   menu ARRAY[ ROW(item VARCHAR(80), price FLOAT) ]
  )
 AS COPY FROM '/data/rest.json' PARSER fjsonparser();

=> SELECT * FROM restaurants;
       name        | cuisine |       location_city        |                    \
                menu
-------------------+---------+----------------------------+--------------------\
--------------------------------------------------------
 Bob's pizzeria    | Italian | ["Cambridge","Pittsburgh"] | [{"item":"cheese pi\
zza","price":0.0},{"item":"spinach pizza","price":0.0}]
 Bakersfield Tacos | Mexican | ["Pittsburgh"]             | [{"item":"veggie ta\
co","price":0.0},{"item":"steak taco","price":0.0}]
(2 rows)

For other examples, see JSON data.

8.5 - ORC (parser)

Use the ORC clause with the COPY FROM statement to load data in the ORC format.

Use the ORC clause with the COPY statement to load data in the ORC format. When loading data into Vertica, you can read all primitive types, UUIDs, and complex types.

When loading ORC data, you must account for all columns in the data; you cannot select only some columns.

If the table definition includes columns of primitive types and those columns are not in the data, the parser fills those columns with NULL. If the table definition includes columns of complex types, those columns must be present in the data.

The ORC clause can be used alone or with optional parameters.

Syntax

ORC ( [parameter=value[,...]] )

Parameters

hive_partition_cols: Comma-separated list of columns that are partition columns in the data. See Using partition columns.
allow_no_match: Whether to accept a path containing a glob with no matching files and report zero rows in query results. If this parameter is not set, Vertica returns an error if the path in the FROM clause does not match at least one file.

Examples

Use the ORC clause without parameters if your data is not partitioned:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE orders
 (orderkey    INT,
  custkey     INT,
  prodkey     ARRAY[VARCHAR(10)],
  orderprices ARRAY[DECIMAL(12,2)],
  orderdate   DATE
 ) AS COPY FROM 's3://AWS_DataLake/orders.orc' ORC;

In the following example, the "id" and "name" columns are included in the data and the "created" and "region" columns are partition columns. Partition columns, if not also data columns, must be listed last when defining columns:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE stores
 (id      INT,
  name    VARCHAR(50),
  created DATE,
  region  VARCHAR(50))
   AS COPY FROM 'webhdfs:///path/*/*/*'
   ORC(hive_partition_cols='created,region');

You can read a map column as an array of rows, as in the following example:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE orders
 (orderkey INT,
  custkey INT,
  prods ARRAY[ROW(key VARCHAR(10), value DECIMAL(12,2))],
  orderdate DATE
 ) AS COPY FROM '...' ORC;

8.6 - Parameters

COPY parameters and their descriptions are divided into the following sections:.

COPY parameters and their descriptions are divided into the following sections:

Target Options
Column Options
Input Options
Handling Options
Parser-Specific Options

Target options

The following options apply to the target tables and their columns:

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

COPY ignores schema-name when used in CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE or CREATE FLEX EXTERNAL TABLE statements.

*target-table*

The target columnar or flexible table for loading new data. Vertica loads the data into all projections that include columns from the schema table.

*column-as-expression*

An expression used to compute values for the target column, which must not be of a complex type. For example:

=> COPY t(year AS TO_CHAR(k, 'YYYY')) FROM 'myfile.dat'

Use this option to transform data when it is loaded into the target database.

For details, see Transforming data during loads.

*column*

Restricts the load to one or more specified columns in the table. If you omit specifying columns, COPY loads all columns by default.

Table columns that you omit from the column list are assigned their DEFAULT or SET USING values, if any; otherwise, COPY inserts NULL.

If you leave the column parameter blank to load all columns in the table, you can use the optional parameter COLUMN OPTION to specify parsing options for specific columns.

The data file must contain the same number of columns as the COPY command's column list.

COLUMN OPTION

Specifies load metadata for one or more columns declared in the table column list. For example, you can specify that a column has its own DELIMITER, ENCLOSED BY, or NULL AS expression, and so on. You do not have to specify every column name explicitly in the COLUMN OPTION list, but each column you specify must correspond to a column in the table column list.

Column options

Depending on how they are specified, the following COPY options can qualify specific columns or all columns. Some parser-specific options can also apply to either specific columns or all columns. See Global and column-specific options For details about these two modes.

ENFORCELENGTH

If specified, COPY rejects data rows of type CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, and VARBINARY, or elements of those types in collections, if they are larger than the declared size.

By default, COPY truncates offending rows of these data types and elements of these types in collections, but does not reject the rows. For more details, see Handling Messy Data.

If a collection does not fit with all of its elements, COPY rejects the row without truncating. It does not reduce the number of elements. This can happen if each element is individually within limits but the number of elements causes the collection to exceed the maximum size for the column.

FILLER datatype

Reads but does not copy the data of an input column. Use filler columns to ignore input columns that do not have columns in the table. You can also use filler columns to transform data (see Examples and Transforming data during loads). Filler columns cannot be of complex types.

FORMAT 'format'

Input format, one of the following:

octal
hex
bitstream

See Binary (native) data to learn more about these formats.

When loading date/time columns, using FORMAT significantly improves load performance. COPY supports the same formats as the TO_DATE function.

See the following topics for additional information:

If you specify invalid format strings, the COPY operation returns an error.

NULL [AS]

The string representing a null value. The default is an empty string (''). You can specify a null value as any ASCII value in the range E'\000' to E'\177' inclusive. You cannot use the same character for both the DELIMITER and NULL options. For details, see Delimited data.

Input options

The following options are available for specifying source data:

LOCAL

Loads a data file on a client system, rather than on a cluster host. LOCAL can qualify the STDIN and [path-to-data](#pathToData) parameters. For details, see COPY LOCAL.

Restrictions: Invalid for CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY

STDIN

Reads from the client a standard input instead of a file. STDIN takes one input source only. To load multiple input sources, use [path-to-data](#pathToData).

User must have INSERT privileges on the table and USAGE privileges on its schema.

Restrictions: Invalid for CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY

path-to-data

Specifies the absolute path of the file (or files) containing the data, which can be from multiple input sources.

If the file is stored in HDFS, path-to-data is a URI in the webhdfs scheme, typically [[s]web]hdfs://[nameservice]/path. See HDFS file system.
If the file is stored in an S3 bucket, path-to-data is a URI in the format s3://bucket/path. See S3 object store.
If the file is stored in Google Cloud Storage, path-to-data is a URI in the format gs://bucket/path. See Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store.
If the file is stored in Azure Blob Storage, path-to-data is a URI in the format azb://account/container/path. See Azure Blob Storage object store.
If the file is on the local Linux file system or an NFS mount, path-to-data is a local absolute file path.

path-to-data can optionally contain wildcards to match more than one file. The file or files must be accessible to the local client or the host on which the COPY statement runs. COPY skips empty files in the file list. A file list that includes directories causes the query to fail. See Specifying where to load data from. The supported patterns for wildcards are specified in the Linux Manual Page for Glob (7), and for ADO.net platforms, through the .NET Directory.getFiles method.

You can use variables to construct the pathname as described in Using load scripts.

If path-to-data resolves to a storage location on a local file system, and the user invoking COPY is not a superuser, the following requirements apply:

The storage location was created with CREATE LOCATION...USAGE USER.
The user must already have READ access to the file storage location.

Further, if a user has privileges but is not a superuser, and invokes COPY from that storage location, Vertica ensures that symbolic links do not result in unauthorized access.

ON nodename

Specifies the node on which the data to copy resides and the node that should parse the load file. If you omit nodename, the location of the input file defaults to the initiator node. Use nodename to copy and parse a load file from a node other than the COPY initiator node.

Note

nodename is invalid with STDIN and LOCAL.

ON (nodeset)

Specifies a set of nodes on which to perform the load. The same data must be available for load on all named nodes. nodeset is a comma-separated list of node names in parentheses. For example:

=> COPY t FROM 'file1.txt' ON (v_vmart_node0001, v_vmart_node0002);

Vertica apportions the load among all of the specified nodes. If you also specify ERROR TOLERANCE or REJECTMAX, Vertica instead chooses a single node on which to perform the load.

If the data is available on all nodes, you usually use ON ANY NODE, which is the default for loads from HDFS and cloud object stores. However, you can use ON nodeset to do manual load-balancing among concurrent loads.

ON ANY NODE

Specifies that the source file to load is available on all nodes, so COPY opens the file and parses it from any node in the cluster. For an Eon Mode database, COPY uses nodes within the same subcluster as the initiator.

Caution

The file must be the same on all nodes. If the file differs on two nodes, an incorrect or incomplete result is returned, with no error or warning.

Vertica attempts to apportion the load among several nodes if the file is large enough to benefit from apportioning. It chooses a single node if ERROR TOLERANCE or REJECTMAX is specified.

You can use a wildcard or glob (such as *.dat) to load multiple input files, combined with the ON ANY NODE clause. If you use a glob, COPY distributes the list of files to all cluster nodes and spreads the workload.

ON ANY NODE is invalid with STDIN and LOCAL. STDIN can only use the client host, and LOCAL indicates a client node.

ON ANY NODE is the default for loads from all paths other than Linux (HDFS and cloud object stores).

compression

The input compression type, one of the following:

UNCOMPRESSED (default)
BZIP
GZIP
LZO
ZSTD

Input files can be of any format. If you use wildcards, all qualifying input files must be in the same format. To load different file formats, specify the format types specifically.

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

When using concatenated BZIP or GZIP files, verify that all source files terminate with a record terminator before concatenating them.
Concatenated BZIP and GZIP files are not supported for NATIVE (binary) and NATIVE VARCHAR formats.
LZO files are assumed to be compressed with lzop. Vertica supports the following lzop arguments:
- --no-checksum / -F
- --crc32
- --adler32
- --no-name / -n
- --name / -N
- --no-mode
- --no-time
- --fast
- --best
- Numbered compression levels
BZIP, GZIP, ZSTD, and LZO compression cannot be used with ORC format.

VERTICA

See COPY FROM VERTICA.

[WITH] UDL-clause[...]

Specifies one or more user-defined load functions—one source, and optionally one or more filters and one parser, as follows:

SOURCE source( [arg=value[,...] ]
[ FILTER filter( [arg=value[,...] ] ) ]...
[ PARSER parser( [arg=value[,...] ] ) ]

To use a flex table parser for column tables, use the PARSER parameter followed by a flex table parser argument. For supported flex table parsers, see Bulk loading data into flex tables.

Handling options

The following options control how COPY handles different contingencies:

ABORT ON ERROR

Specifies that COPY stops if any row is rejected. The statement is rolled back and no data is loaded.

COLSIZES (integer[,...])

Specifies column widths when loading fixed-width data. COPY requires that you specify COLSIZES when using the FIXEDWIDTH parser. COLSIZES and the list of integers must correspond to the columns listed in the table column list. For details, see Fixed-width format data.

ERROR TOLERANCE

Specifies that COPY treats each source during execution independently when loading data. The statement is not rolled back if a single source is invalid. The invalid source is skipped and the load continues.

Using this parameter disables apportioned load.

Restrictions: Invalid for ORC or Parquet data

EXCEPTIONS

Specifies the file name or absolute path of the file in which to write exceptions, as follows:

EXCEPTIONS 'path' [ ON nodename[,...]]

Exceptions describe why each rejected row was rejected. Each exception describes the corresponding record in the file specified by the REJECTED DATA option.

Files are written on the node or nodes executing the load. If the file already exists, it is overwritten.

To collect all exceptions in one place, use the REJECTED DATA AS TABLE clause and exceptions are automatically listed in the table's rejected_reason column.

Note

EXCEPTIONS is incompatible with REJECTED DATA AS TABLE.

The ON nodename clause moves existing exceptions files on nodename to the indicated path on the same node. For details, see Saving load exceptions (EXCEPTIONS).

If you use this parameter with COPY...ON ANY NODE, you must still specify the individual nodes for the exception files, as in the following example:

EXCEPTIONS '/home/ex01.txt' on v_db_node0001,'/home/ex02.txt'
on v_db_node0002,'/home/ex03.txt' on v_db_node0003

If path resolves to a storage location, the following privileges apply to non-superusers:

The storage location must be created with the USER option (see CREATE LOCATION).
The user must have READ access to the storage location where the files exist, as described in GRANT (storage location).

REJECTED DATA

Specifies where to write each row that failed to load. If this parameter is specified, records that failed due to parsing errors are always written. Records that failed due to an error during a transformation are written only if configuration parameter CopyFaultTolerantExpressions is set.

The syntax for this parameter is:

REJECTED DATA
{ 'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...] | AS TABLE reject-table }

Vertica can write rejected data to the specified path or to a table:

'path' [ON nodename]: Copies the rejected row data to the specified path on the node executing the load. If qualified by ON nodename, Vertica moves existing rejected data files on nodename to path on the same node.

The value of path can be a directory or a file prefix. If there are multiple load sources, path is always treated as a directory. If there are not multiple load sources but path ends with '/', or if a directory of that name already exists, it is also treated as a directory. Otherwise, path is treated as a file prefix.

Files are written on the node or nodes executing the load. If the file already exists, it is overwritten.

When this parameter is used with LOCAL, the output is written to the client.

Note
Do not qualify path with ON ANY NODE. To collect all rejected data in one place regardless of how the load is distributed, use a table.
AS TABLE reject-table: Saves rejected rows to reject-table.

Note
REJECTED DATA AS TABLE is incompatible with EXCEPTIONS.

For details about both options, see Handling messy data.

REJECTMAX integer

The maximum number of logical records that can be rejected before a load fails. For details, see Handling messy data.

REJECTMAX disables apportioned load.

SKIP integer

The number of records to skip in a load file. For example, you can use the SKIP option to omit table header information.

Restrictions: Invalid for ORC or Parquet data

STREAM NAME

Supplies a COPY load stream identifier. Using a stream name helps to quickly identify a particular load. The STREAM NAME value that you supply in the load statement appears in the STREAM_NAME column of system tables LOAD_STREAMS and LOAD_SOURCES.

A valid stream name can contain any combination of alphanumeric or special characters up to 128 bytes in length.

For example:

=> COPY mytable FROM myfile 
   DELIMITER '|' STREAM NAME 'My stream name';

WITH

parser

Specifies the parser to use when bulk loading columnar tables, one of the following:

NATIVE
NATIVE VARCHAR
FIXEDWIDTH
ORC (parser)
PARQUET (parser)

By default, COPY uses the DELIMITER parser for UTF-8 format, delimited text input data. You do not specify the DELIMITER parser directly; absence of a specific parser indicates the default.

To use a flex table parser for column tables, use the PARSER parameter followed by a flex table parser argument. For supported flex table parsers, see Bulk loading data into flex tables.

When loading into flex tables, you must use a compatible parser. For supported flex table parsers, see Bulk loading data into flex tables.

COPY LOCAL does not support the NATIVE, NATIVE VARCHAR, ORC, and PARQUET parsers.

For parser support for complex data types, see the documentation of the specific parser.

For parser details, see Data formats in Data load.

NO COMMIT

Prevents the COPY statement from committing its transaction automatically when it finishes copying data. This option must be the last COPY statement parameter.

For details, see Using transactions to stage a load.

Restrictions: Invalid for ORC or Parquet data, ignored by CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY

Parser-specific options

The following options apply only when using specific parsers.

DELIMITED parser

DELIMITER

Default: Vertical bar ('|').

ENCLOSED [BY]

ESCAPE [AS]

ESCAPE [AS]
DELIMITER
ENCLOSED [BY]
RECORD TERMINATOR
All COLLECTION options

Default: Backslash ('\').

NO ESCAPE

Eliminates escape-character handling. Use this option if you do not need any escape character and you want to prevent characters in your data from being interpreted as escape sequences.

RECORD TERMINATOR

Specifies the literal character string indicating the end of a data file record. For more information about using this parameter, see Delimited data.

TRAILING NULLCOLS

COLLECTIONDELIMITER

Default: Comma (',').

COLLECTIONOPEN, COLLECTIONCLOSE

Default: Square brackets ('[' and ']').

COLLECTIONNULLELEMENT

Default: 'null'

COLLECTIONENCLOSE

No COLLECTION option may have the same value as any other COLLECTION option.

Default: double quote ('"')

FIXEDWIDTH parser

SKIP BYTES integer: The total number of bytes in a record to skip.
TRIM: Trims the number of bytes you specify from a column. This option is only available when loading fixed-width data. You can set TRIM at the table level for a column, or as part of the COLUMN OPTION parameter.

8.7 - PARQUET (parser)

Use the PARQUET parser with the COPY FROM statement to load data in the Parquet format.

Use the PARQUET parser with the COPY statement to load data in the Parquet format. When loading data into Vertica you can read all primitive types, UUIDs, and complex types.

By default, the Parquet parser uses strong schema matching, meaning that columns in the data must exactly match the columns in the table using the data. You can optionally use Loose Schema Matching.

When loading Parquet data, Vertica caches the Parquet metadata to improve efficiency. This cache uses local TEMP storage and is not used if TEMP is remote. See the ParquetMetadataCacheSizeMB configuration parameter to change the size of the cache.

Syntax

PARQUET ( [parameter='value'[,...]] )

Parameters

All parameters are optional.

hive_partition_cols: Comma-separated list of columns that are partition columns in the data. See Using partition columns.
allow_no_match: Boolean. Whether to accept a path containing a glob with no matching files and report zero rows in query results. If this parameter is not set, Vertica returns an error if the path in the FROM clause does not match at least one file.
allow_long_varbinary_match_complex_type: Boolean. Whether to enable flexible column types (see Flexible complex types). If true, the Parquet parser allows a complex type in the data to match a table column defined as LONG VARBINARY. If false, the Parquet parser requires strong typing of complex types. With the parameter set you can still use strong typing. Set this parameter to false if you want use of flexible columns to be treated as an error.
do_soft_schema_match_by_name: Boolean. Whether to enable loose schema matching (true) instead of the strict matching based on column order in the table definition and parquet file (false, default). See Loose Schema Matching for more information.
reject_on_materialized_type_error: Boolean, applies only if do_soft_schema_match_by_name is true. Specifies what to do when loose schema matching is being used and a value cannot be coerced from the data to the target column type. A value of true (default) means to reject the row; a value of false means to use NULL for the value or, for strings that are too long, truncate. See the table of type coercions for coercible type mappings.

Loose schema matching

By default, the Parquet parser uses strong schema matching. This means that all columns in the Parquet data must be loaded, in the same order as in the data. However, there are times when you only want to pull certain columns, or you want to be able to accommodate future changes in the Parquet schema.

Use the do_soft_schema_match_by_name parameter to enable soft schema matching. This setting has the following effects:

Columns in the data are matched to columns in the table by their names. Names must exactly match but are case-insensitive.
Columns that exist in the Parquet data but are not part of the table definition are ignored.
Columns that exist in the table definition but not the Parquet data are filled with NULL. The parser logs an UNMATCHED_TABLE_COLUMNS_PARQUETPARSER event in QUERY_EVENTS.
If the same case-insensitive column name occurs more than once in the Parquet data, the parser uses the last one. (This situation can arise when using data written by tools that are case-sensitive.)
Hive partition columns do not need to appear last in the table definition like they do with strong schema matching. If a partition column specified in the table definition does not exist in the data path, the parser uses a value of NULL and logs a MISSING_HIVE_PARTITION event in the QUERY_EVENTS table.
Column types do not need to exactly match, so long as the data type in the Parquet file can be coerced to the type used by the table. If a type cannot be coerced, the parser logs a TYPE_MISMATCH_COLUMNS_PARQUETPARSER event in QUERY_EVENTS. If reject_on_materialized_type_error is true then the parser rejects the row. If it is false, the parser uses NULL or, for string values that are too long, truncates the value.
Columns using complex types (other than one-dimensional arrays of primitive types) can be defined but not queried.

Data types

The Parquet parser maps Parquet data types to Vertica data types as follows.

Parquet Logical Type	Vertica Data Type
StringLogicalType	VARCHAR
MapLogicalType	ARRAY[ROW]
ListLogicalType	ARRAY/SET
IntLogicalType	INT/NUMERIC
DecimalLogicalType	NUMERIC
DateLogicalType	DATE
TimeLogicalType	TIME
TimestampLogicalType	TIMESTAMP
UUIDLogicalType	UUID

The following logical types are not supported:

EnumLogicalType
IntervalLogicalType
JSONLogicalType
BSONLogicalType
UnknownLogicalType

The Parquet parser supports the following mappings of physical types:

Parquet Physical Type	Vertica Data Type
BOOLEAN	BOOLEAN
INT32/INT64	INT
INT96	Supported only for TIMESTAMP
FLOAT	DOUBLE
DOUBLE	DOUBLE
BYTE_ARRAY	VARBINARY
FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY	BINARY

The following mappings are supported with type coercion and loose schema matching.

Parquet Physical Type	Coercible to Vertica Data Type
BOOLEAN	BOOLEAN
INT32, INT64, BOOLEAN	INT
FLOAT, DOUBLE	DOUBLE
INT32, INT96	DATE
INT64, INT96	TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ
INT64 If precision > 0: INT32, BYTE_ARRAY, FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY	Numeric
BYTE_ARRAY	CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY
FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY	UUID

Vertica supports only 3-level-encoded arrays, not 2-level-encoded.

Examples

Use the PARQUET clause without parameters if your data is not partitioned.

=> COPY t FROM 's3://AWS_DataLake/sales.parquet' PARQUET;

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE t (id int, name varchar(50), created date, region varchar(50))
   AS COPY FROM 'webhdfs:///path/*/*/*'
   PARQUET(hive_partition_cols='created,region');

In the following example, the data directory contains no files.

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customers (...)
    AS COPY FROM 'webhdfs:///data/*.parquet' PARQUET;
=> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers;
ERROR 7869: No files match when expanding glob: [webhdfs:///data/*.parquet]

To read zero rows instead of producing an error, use the allow_no_match parameter with PARQUET:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customers (...)
    AS COPY FROM 'webhdfs:///data/*.parquet' PARQUET(allow_no_match='true');
=> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers;
 count
-------
     0
(1 row)

To allow reading a complex type (menu, in this example) as a flexible column type, use the allow_long_varbinary_match_complex_type parameter:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE restaurants
    (name VARCHAR, cuisine VARCHAR, location_city ARRAY[VARCHAR], menu LONG VARBINARY)
    AS COPY FROM '/data/rest*.parquet'
    PARQUET(allow_long_varbinary_match_complex_type='True');

To read only some columns from the restaurant data, use loose schema matching:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE restaurants(name VARCHAR, cuisine VARCHAR)
    AS COPY FROM '/data/rest*.parquet'
    PARQUET(allow_long_varbinary_match_complex_type='True',
            do_soft_schema_match_by_name='True');

=> SELECT * from restaurant;
       name        | cuisine
-------------------+----------
 Bob's pizzeria    | Italian
 Bakersfield Tacos | Mexican
(2 rows)

8.8 - Restrictions

COPY has the following restrictions:.

COPY has the following restrictions:

Invalid data

COPY considers the following data invalid:

Missing columns (an input line has fewer columns than the recipient table).
Extra columns (an input line has more columns than the recipient table).
Empty columns for an INTEGER or DATE/TIME data type. If a column is empty for either of these types, COPY does not use the default value that was defined by CREATE TABLE. However, if you do not supply a column option as part of the COPY statement, the default value is used.
Incorrect representation of a data type. For example, trying to load a non-numeric value into an INTEGER column is invalid.

Constraint violations

If primary key, unique key, or check constraints are enabled for automatic enforcement in the target table, Vertica enforces those constraints when you load new data. If a violation occurs, Vertica rolls back the operation and returns an error.

Empty line handling

When COPY encounters an empty line while loading data, the line is neither inserted nor rejected, but COPY increments the line record number. Consider this behavior when evaluating rejected records. If you return a list of rejected records and COPY encountered an empty row while loading data, the position of rejected records is not incremented by one, as demonstrated in the following example.

The example first loads values into a table that defines the first column as INT. Note the errors on rows 3, 4, and 8:

=> \! cat -n /home/dbadmin/test.txt
     1 1|A|2
     2 2|B|4
     3 A|D|7
     4 A|E|7
     5
     6
     7 6|A|3
     8 B|A|3

The empty rows (5 and 6) shift the reporting of the error on row 8:

=> SELECT row_number, rejected_data, rejected_reason FROM test_bad;
 row_number | rejected_data | rejected_reason
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------------
          3 | A|D|7 | Invalid integer format 'A' for column 1 (c1)
          4 | A|E|7 | Invalid integer format 'A' for column 1 (c1)
          6 | B|A|3 | Invalid integer format 'B' for column 1 (c1)
(3 rows)

Compressed file errors

When loading compressed files, COPY might abort and report an error, if the file seems to be corrupted. For example, this behavior can occur if reading the header block fails.

9 - COPY FROM VERTICA

Imports data from another Vertica database.

Imports data from another Vertica database. COPY FROM VERTICA is similar to COPY, but supports only a subset of its parameters.

Important

The source database must be no more than one major release behind the target database.

Syntax

COPY [[database.]schema-name.]target-table
    [( target-columns )]
    FROM VERTICA source-database.[schema.]source-table
    [( source-columns )]
    [STREAM NAME 'stream name']
    [NO COMMIT]

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*target-table*: The target table for the imported data. Vertica loads the data into all projections that include columns from the schema table.
*target-columns*: A comma-delimited list of columns in target-table to store the copied data.See Mapping Between Target and Source Columns below.
You cannot use FILLER columns or columns of complex types, except native arrays, as part of the column definition.
*source-database*: The source database of the data to import. A connection to this database must already exist in the current session before starting the copy operation; otherwise Vertica returns an error. For details, see CONNECT TO VERTICA.
[schema.]source-table: The table that is the source of the imported data. If schema is any schema other than public, you must supply the schema name.
*source-columns*: A comma-delimited list of the columns in the source table to import. If omitted, all columns are exported.Columns cannot be of complex types. See Mapping Between Target and Source Columns below.
STREAM NAME: A COPY load stream identifier. Using a stream name helps to quickly identify a particular load. The STREAM NAME value that you specify in the load statement appears in the stream column of the LOAD_STREAMS system table.
NO COMMIT: Prevents COPY from committing its transaction automatically when it finishes copying data. For details, see Using transactions to stage a load.

Privileges

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Target table: INSERT
Target table schema: USAGE

Mapping between target and source columns

If you copy all table data from one database to another, COPY FROM VERTICA can omit specifying column lists if column definitions in both tables comply with the following conditions:

Same number of columns
Identical column names
Same sequence of columns
Matching or compatible column data types
No complex data types (ARRAY, SET, or ROW), except for native arrays

If any of these conditions is not true, the COPY FROM VERTICA statement must include column lists that explicitly map target and source columns to each other, as follows:

Contain the same number of columns.
List source and target columns in the same order.
Pair columns with the same (or compatible) data types.

Node failure during COPY

See Handling node failure during copy/export.

Examples

The following example copies the contents of an entire table from the vmart database to an identically-defined table in the current database:

=> CONNECT TO VERTICA vmart USER dbadmin PASSWORD 'myPassword' ON 'VertTest01',5433;
CONNECT
=> COPY customer_dimension FROM  VERTICA vmart.customer_dimension;
 Rows Loaded
-------------
      500000
(1 row)
=> DISCONNECT vmart;
DISCONNECT

For more examples, see Copying data from another Vertica database.

10 - COPY LOCAL

Using the COPY statement with its LOCAL option lets you load a data file on a client system, rather than on a cluster host.

Using the COPY statement with its LOCAL option lets you load a data file on a client system, rather than on a cluster host. COPY LOCAL supports the STDIN and 'pathToData' parameters, but not the [ON nodename] clause. COPY LOCAL does not support multiple file batches in NATIVE or NATIVE VARCHAR formats. COPY LOCAL does not support reading ORC or Parquet files; use ON NODE instead. COPY LOCAL does not support CURRENT_LOAD_SOURCE().

The COPY LOCAL option is platform-independent. The statement works in the same way across all supported Vertica platforms and drivers. For more details about supported drivers, see Client drivers.

COPY LOCAL must be the first statement in any multi-statement query you make with the ODBC client library. Using it as the second or later statement results in an error. When using other client libraries, such as JDBC, COPY LOCAL should always be the first statement in a multi-statement query. Also, do not use it multiple times in the same query.

Note

On Windows clients, the path you supply for the COPY LOCAL file is limited to 216 characters due to limitations in the Windows API.

COPY LOCAL does not automatically create exceptions and rejections files, even if exceptions occur.

Privileges

User must have INSERT privilege on the table and USAGE privilege on the schema.

How copy local works

COPY LOCAL loads data in a platform-neutral way. The COPY LOCAL statement loads all files from a local client system to the Vertica host, where the server processes the files. You can copy files in various formats: uncompressed, compressed, fixed-width format, in bzip or gzip format, or specified as a bash glob. Files of a single format (such as all bzip, or gzip) can be comma-separated in the list of input files. You can also use any of the applicable COPY statement options (as long as the data format supports the option). For instance, you can define a specific delimiter character, or how to handle NULLs, and so forth.

Note

The Linux glob command returns files that match the pattern you enter, as specified in the Linux Manual Page for Glob (7). For ADO.net platforms, specify patterns and wildcards as described in the .NET Directory.getFiles Method.

For more information about using the COPY LOCAL option to load data, see COPY for syntactical descriptions, and Specifying where to load data from for detailed examples.

The Vertica host uncompresses and processes the files as necessary, regardless of file format or the client platform from which you load the files. Once the server has the copied files, Vertica maintains performance by distributing file parsing tasks, such as encoding, compressing, uncompressing, across nodes.

Viewing copy local operations in a query plan

When you use the COPY LOCAL option, the GraphViz query plan includes a label for Load-Client-File, rather than Load-File. Following is a section from a sample query plan:

-----------------------------------------------
  PLAN:  BASE BULKLOAD PLAN  (GraphViz Format)
-----------------------------------------------
 digraph G {
 graph [rankdir=BT, label = " BASE BULKLOAD PLAN \nAll Nodes Vector:
 \n\n  node[0]=initiator (initiator) Up\n", labelloc=t, labeljust=l ordering=out]
.
.
.
10[label = "Load-Client-File(/tmp/diff) \nOutBlk=[UncTuple]",
color = "green", shape = "ellipse"];

Examples

The following example shows a load from a local file.

$ cat > t.dat
12
17
9
^C

=> CREATE TABLE numbers (value INT);
CREATE TABLE

=> COPY numbers FROM LOCAL 't.dat';
 Rows Loaded
-------------
           3
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM numbers;
 value
-------
    12
    17
     9
(3 rows)

11 - CREATE statements

CREATE statements let you create new database objects such as tables and users.

11.1 - CREATE ACCESS POLICY

Creates an access policy that filters access to table data to users and roles.

Creates an access policy that filters access to table data to users and roles. You can create access policies for table rows and columns. Vertica applies the access policy filters with each query and returns only the data that is permissible for the current user or role.

You cannot set access policies on columns of complex data types other than native arrays. If the table contains complex-type columns, you can still set row access policies and column access policies on other columns.

Syntax


CREATE ACCESS POLICY ON [[database.]schema.]table
    { FOR COLUMN column | FOR ROWS WHERE } expression [GRANT TRUSTED] { ENABLE | DISABLE }

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

table

The table with the target column or rows.

FOR COLUMN column

The column on which to apply this access policy. The column can be a native array, but other complex types are not supported. (See Complex types.)

FOR ROWS WHERE

The rows on which to apply this access policy.

expression

A SQL expression that specifies conditions for accessing row or column data:

Row access policies limit access to specific rows in a table, as specified by the policy's WHERE expression. Only rows that satisfy this expression are fetched from the table. For details and sample usage, see Creating row access policies.
Column access policies limit access to specific table columns. The access policy expression can also specify how to render column data to specific users and roles. For details and sample usage, see Creating column access policies.

GRANT TRUSTED

Important

ENABLE | DISABLE

Whether to enable the access policy. You can enable and disable existing access policies with ALTER ACCESS POLICY.

Privileges

Non-superuser: Ownership of the table

Restrictions

The following limitations apply to access policies:

A column can have only one access policy.
Column access policies cannot be set on columns of complex types other than native arrays.
Column access policies cannot be set for materialized columns on flex tables. While it is possible to set an access policy for the __raw__ column, doing so restricts access to the whole table.
Row access policies are invalid on temporary tables and tables with aggregate projections.
Access policy expressions cannot contain:
- Subqueries
- Aggregate functions
- Analytic functions
- User-defined transform functions (UDTF)
If the query optimizer cannot replace a deterministic expression that involves only constants with their computed values, it blocks all DML operations such as INSERT.

11.2 - CREATE AUTHENTICATION

Creates and enables an authentication method associated with users or roles.

Creates and enables an authentication method associated with users or roles. Vertica enables the authentication method automatically.

Syntax

CREATE AUTHENTICATION auth-method-name METHOD 'auth-type' access-method

Parameters

Name Description

auth-method-name Name of the authentication method to create, where auth-method-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

Name	Description
`auth-method-name`	Name of the authentication method to create, where `auth-method-name` conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
`auth-type`	The authentication method type to use, one of the following: `gss` `ident` `ldap` `hash` `reject` `trust` `tls` `oauth` For details, see Supported Client Authentication Methods.
`access-method`	The access method the client uses to connect, specified in one of the following ways: `LOCAL`: Matches connection attempts made using local domain sockets. `HOST [ TLS \| NO TLS ] '``host-ip-address``'`: Matches connection attempts made using TCP/IP, where `host-ip-address` can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. You can qualify `HOST` with one of the following options: `TLS` (default): Match an SSL/TLS-wrapped TCP socket. `NO TLS`: Match a plain (non-SSL/TLS) socket only.

auth-type

The authentication method type to use, one of the following:

gss
ident
ldap
hash
reject
trust
tls
oauth

For details, see Supported Client Authentication Methods.

access-method

The access method the client uses to connect, specified in one of the following ways:

LOCAL: Matches connection attempts made using local domain sockets.
HOST [ TLS | NO TLS ] 'host-ip-address': Matches connection attempts made using TCP/IP, where host-ip-address can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. You can qualify HOST with one of the following options:
- TLS (default): Match an SSL/TLS-wrapped TCP socket.
- NO TLS: Match a plain (non-SSL/TLS) socket only.

Privileges

DBADMIN

Examples

See Creating authentication records.

11.3 - CREATE CA BUNDLE

Creates a certificate authority (CA) bundle.

Creates a certificate authority (CA) bundle. These contain root CA certificates.

Syntax

CREATE CA BUNDLE name [CERTIFICATES ca_cert[, ca_cert[, ...]]

Parameters

name: The name of the CA bundle.
ca_cert: The name of the CA certificate. If no certificates are specified, the bundle will be empty.

Privileges

Ownership of the CA certificates in the CA bundle.

Examples

See Managing CA bundles.

11.4 - CREATE CERTIFICATE

Creates or imports a certificate, Certificate Authority (CA), or intermediate CA.

Creates or imports a certificate, Certificate Authority (CA), or intermediate CA. These certificates can be used with ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION to set up client-server TLS, LDAPLink TLS, LDAPAuth TLS, and internode TLS.

CREATE CERTIFICATE generates x509v3 certificates.

Syntax

CREATE [TEMP[ORARY]] [CA] CERTIFICATE certificate_name
    {AS cert [KEY key_name]
    | SUBJECT subject
      [ SIGNED BY ca_cert ]
      [ VALID FOR days ]
      [ EXTENSIONS ext = val[,...] ]
      [ KEY private_key ]}

Parameters

TEMPORARY

Create with session scope. The key is stored in memory and is valid only for the current session.

CA

Designates the certificate as a CA or intermediate certificate. If omitted, the operation creates a normal certificate.

certificate_name

The name of the certificate.

AS cert

The imported certificate (string).

This parameter should include the entire chain of certificates, excluding the CA certificate.

KEY key_name

The name of the key.

This parameter only needs to be set for client/server certificates and CA certificates that you intend to sign other certificates with in Vertica. If your imported CA certificate will only be used for validating other certificates, you do not need to specify a key.

SUBJECT subject

The entity to issue the certificate to (string).

SIGNED BY ca_cert

The name of the CA that signed the certificate.

When adding a CA certificate, this parameter is optional. Specifying it will create an intermediate CA that cannot be used to sign other CA certificates.

When creating a certificate, this parameter is required.

VALID FOR days

The number of days that the certificate is valid.

EXTENSIONS ext = val

Strings specifying certificate extensions. For a full list of extensions, see the OpenSSL documentation.

KEY private_key

The name of the certificate's private key.

When importing a certificate, this parameter is required.

Privileges

Superuser

Default extensions

CREATE CERTIFICATE generates x509v3 certificates and includes several extensions by default. These differ based on the type of certificate you create:

CA Certificate:

'basicConstraints' = 'critical, CA:true'
'keyUsage' = 'critical, digitalSignature, keyCertSign'
'nsComment' = Vertica generated [CA] certificate'
'subjectKeyIdentifier' = 'hash'

Certificate:

'basicConstraints' = 'CA:false'
'keyUsage' = 'critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment'

Examples

See Generating TLS certificates and keys.

11.5 - CREATE DIRECTED QUERY

Saves an association between an input query and a query that is annotated with optimizer hints.

Syntax

Optimizer-generated

CREATE DIRECTED QUERY OPT[IMIZER] directedqueryID [COMMENT 'comments'] input-query

User-defined (custom)

CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM directedqueryID [COMMENT 'comments'] annotated-query

Parameters

OPT[IMIZER]

Directs the query optimizer to generate an annotated query from input-query, and associate both in the new directed query.

CUSTOM

Specifies to associate annotated-query with the query previously specified by SAVE QUERY.

directedqueryID

A unique identifier for the directed query, a string that conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

COMMENT 'comments'

Comments about the directed query, up to 128 characters. Comments can be useful for future reference—for example, explain why a given directed query was created.

If you omit this argument, Vertica inserts one of the following comments:

Optimizer-generated directed query
Custom directed query

input-query

The input query to associate with an optimizer-generated directed query. The input query supports only one optimizer hint, :v (alias IGNORECONST).

annotated-query

A query with embedded optimizer hints to associate with the input query most recently saved with SAVE QUERY.

Privileges

Superuser

Description

CREATE DIRECTED QUERY associates an input query with a query annotated with optimizer hints. It stores the association under a unique identifier. CREATE DIRECTED QUERY has two variants:

CREATE DIRECTED QUERY OPTIMIZER directs the query optimizer to generate annotated SQL from the specified input query. The annotated query contains hints that the optimizer can use to recreate its current query plan for that input query.
CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM specifies an annotated query supplied by the user. Vertica associates the annotated query with the input query specified by the last SAVE QUERY statement.

In both cases, Vertica associates the annotated query and input query, and registers their association in the system table DIRECTED_QUERIES under query_name.

Caution

Vertica associates a saved query and directed query without checking whether the two are compatible. Be careful to sequence SAVE QUERY and CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM so the saved and directed queries are correctly matched.

11.6 - CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY creates a table definition for data external to your Vertica database.

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY creates a table definition for data external to your Vertica database. This statement is a combination of the CREATE TABLE and COPY statements, supporting a subset of each statement's parameters.

Canceling a CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY statement can cause unpredictable results. If you need to make a change, allow the statement to complete, drop the table, and then retry.

You can use ALTER TABLE to change the data types of columns instead of dropping and recreating the table.

You can use CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY with any types except types from the Place package.

Note

Vertica does not create superprojections for external tables, since external tables are not stored in the database.

Syntax

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table-name 
    ( column-definition[,...] )
[{INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES]
AS COPY
    [ ( { column-as-expression | column }
       [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
       [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char' ]
       [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
       [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
       [ FILLER datatype ]
       [ FORMAT 'format' ]
       [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
       [ TRIM 'byte' ]
    [,...] ) ]
    [ COLUMN OPTION ( column 
       [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
       [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char' ]
       [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
       [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
       [ FORMAT 'format' ]
       [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
       [ TRIM 'byte' ]
    [,...] ) ]
FROM {
      'path-to-data' [ ON { nodename | (nodeset) | ANY NODE } ] [ input-format ] }[,...]
      | [ WITH ] SOURCE source( [arg=value[,...] ] )
}
      [ NATIVE
      | FIXEDWIDTH COLSIZES {( integer )[,...]}
      | NATIVE VARCHAR
      | ORC
      | PARQUET
      ]
   [ ABORT ON ERROR ]
   [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
   [ ENCLOSED BY 'char' [ AND 'char' ] ]
   [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
   [ ERROR TOLERANCE ]
   [ ESCAPE AS 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
   [ EXCEPTIONS 'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...] ]
   [ [ WITH ] FILTER filter( [ arg=value[,...] ] ) ]
   [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
   [ [ WITH ] PARSER parser([arg=value [,...] ]) ]
   [ RECORD TERMINATOR 'string' ]
   [ REJECTED DATA 'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...] ]
   [ REJECTMAX integer ]
   [ SKIP integer ]
   [ SKIP BYTES integer ]
   [ TRAILING NULLCOLS ]
   [ TRIM 'byte' ]

Parameters

For all supported parameters, see the CREATE TABLE and COPY statements. For information on using this statement with UDLs, see User-defined load (UDL).

For additional guidance on using COPY parameters, see Specifying where to load data from.

Privileges

Superuser, or non-superuser with the following privileges:

READ privileges on the USER-accessible storage location, see GRANT (storage location)
Full access (including SELECT) to an external table that the user has privileges to create

ORC and Parquet data

When using the ORC and Parquet formats, Vertica supports some additional options in the COPY statement and data structures for columns. See ORC (parser) and PARQUET (parser).

If ORC or Parquet data is partitioned, Vertica expects Hive-style partitioning. If you see unexpected results when reading data, verify that globs in your file paths correctly align with the partition structure. See Troubleshooting external tables.

Examples

The following example defines an external table for delimited data stored in HDFS:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE sales (itemID INT, date DATE, price FLOAT)
    AS COPY FROM 'hdfs:///dat/ext1.csv' DELIMITER ',';

The following example uses data in the ORC format that is stored in S3. The data has two partition columns, represented as directories in the file structure. For more information about partitions, see Using partition columns.

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE transactions (id int, name varchar(50), created date, region varchar(50))
   AS COPY FROM 's3://datalake/sales/*/*/*'
   ORC(hive_partition_cols='created,region');

The following example shows how you can read from all Parquet files in a local directory, with no partitions and no globs:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE sales (itemID INT, date DATE, price FLOAT)
    AS COPY FROM '/data/sales/*.parquet' PARQUET;

The following example creates an external table using partitioned data in the ORC format. The table includes four columns. Two columns, "id" and "name", are in the data files. The other two, "created" and "region", are partition columns. For more about partition columns, see Using partition columns.

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE t (id int, name varchar(50), created date, region varchar(50))
   AS COPY FROM 'hdfs:///path/*/*/*'
   ORC(hive_partition_cols='created,region');

The following example creates an external table from data in Google Cloud Storage:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE sales (itemID INT, date DATE, price FLOAT)
    AS COPY FROM 'gs://data/sales/*.csv';

The following example creates an external table for data containing arrays:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE cust (cust_custkey int, cust_custname varchar(50), cust_custstaddress ARRAY[varchar(100)],
   cust_custaddressln2 ARRAY[varchar(100)], cust_custcity ARRAY[varchar(50)], cust_custstate ARRAY[char(2)], cust_custzip ARRAY[int],
   cust_email varchar(50), cust_phone varchar(30))
   AS COPY FROM '   ' PARQUET;

The following examples create external tables from data in the local file system:

=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext1 (x integer) AS COPY FROM '/tmp/ext1.dat' DELIMITER ',';
=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext2 (x integer) AS COPY FROM '/tmp/ext2.dat.bz2' BZIP DELIMITER ',';
=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext3 (x integer, y integer) AS COPY (x as '5', y) FROM '/tmp/ext3.dat.bz2' BZIP DELIMITER ',';

To allow users without superuser access to use external tables with data on the local file system, S3, or GCS, create a location for 'user' usage and grant access to it. This example shows granting access to a user named Bob to any external table whose data is located under /tmp (including in subdirectories to any depth):

=> CREATE LOCATION '/tmp' ALL NODES USAGE 'user';
=> GRANT ALL ON LOCATION '/tmp' to Bob;

The following example shows CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE using a user-defined source:

=> CREATE SOURCE curl AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'CurlSourceFactory' LIBRARY curllib;
=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE curl_table1 as COPY SOURCE CurlSourceFactory;

11.7 - CREATE FAULT GROUP

Creates a fault group, which can contain the following:.

Enterprise Mode only

Creates a fault group, which can contain the following:

One or more nodes
One or more child fault groups
One or more nodes and one or more child fault groups

CREATE FAULT GROUP creates an empty fault group. Use ALTER FAULT GROUP to add nodes or other fault groups to an existing fault group.

Syntax

CREATE FAULT GROUP name

Parameters

name: The name of the fault group to create, unique among all fault groups, where name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following command creates a fault group called parent0:

=> CREATE FAULT GROUP parent0;
CREATE FAULT GROUP

Use ALTER FAULT GROUP to add nodes or other fault groups to the parent0 fault group.

11.8 - CREATE FLEXIBLE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY

CREATE FLEXIBLE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY creates a flexible external table.

CREATE FLEXIBLE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY creates a flexible external table. This statement combines statements CREATE FLEXIBLE TABLE and COPY statements, supporting a subset of each statement's parameters.

You can also use user-defined load functions (UDLs) to create external flex tables. For details about creating and using flex tables, see Using Flex Tables.

Note

Vertica does not create a superprojection for an external table when you create it.

For details about creating and using flex tables, see Creating flex tables in Using Flex Tables.

Caution

Canceling a CREATE FLEX EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY statement can cause unpredictable results. Vertica recommends that you allow the statement to finish, then use DROP TABLE after the table exists.

Syntax

CREATE FLEX[IBLE] EXTERNAL TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table-name
   ( [ column-definition[,...] ] )
   [ INCLUDE | EXCLUDE [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]
AS COPY [ ( { column-as-expression | column } [ FILLER datatype ] ]
   FROM {
      'path-to-data' [ ON nodename | ON ANY NODE | ON (nodeset) ] input-format [,...]
      | [ WITH ] UDL-clause[...]
   }
   [ ABORT ON ERROR ]
   [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'char' ]
   [ ENCLOSED [ BY ] 'char' ]
   [ ENFORCELENGTH ]
   [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'char' | NO ESCAPE ]
   [ EXCEPTIONS 'path' [ ON nodename ] [,...] ]
   [ NULL [ AS ] 'string' ]
   [ RECORD TERMINATOR 'string' ]
   [ REJECTED DATA 'path' [ ON nodename ][,...] ]
   [ REJECTMAX integer ]
   [ SKIP integer ]
   [ SKIP BYTES integer ]
   [ TRAILING NULLCOLS ]
   [ TRIM 'byte' ]

Parameters

For parameter descriptions, see CREATE TABLE and Parameters.

Note

CREATE FLEXIBLE EXTERNAL TABLE AS COPY supports only a subset of CREATE TABLE and COPY parameters.

Privileges

Superuser, or non-superuser with the following privileges:

READ privileges on the USER-accessible storage location, see GRANT (storage location)
Full access (including SELECT) to an external table that the user has privileges to create

Examples

To create an external flex table:

=> CREATE flex external table mountains() AS COPY FROM 'home/release/KData/kmm_ountains.json' PARSER fjsonparser();
CREATE TABLE

As with other flex tables, creating an external flex table produces two regular tables: the named table and its associated _keys table. The keys table is not an external table:

=> \dt mountains
                 List of tables
 Schema |   Name    | Kind  |  Owner  | Comment
--------+-----------+-------+---------+---------
 public | mountains | table | release |
(1 row)

You can use the helper function, COMPUTE_FLEXTABLE_KEYS_AND_BUILD_VIEW, to compute keys and create a view for the external table:

=> SELECT compute_flextable_keys_and_build_view ('appLog');

                     compute_flextable_keys_and_build_view
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please see public.appLog_keys for updated keys
The view public.appLog_view is ready for querying
(1 row)

Check the keys from the _keys table for the results of running the helper application:

=> SELECT * FROM appLog_keys;
                          key_name                       | frequency |   data_type_guess
----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------
contributors                                             |         8 | varchar(20)
coordinates                                              |         8 | varchar(20)
created_at                                               |         8 | varchar(60)
entities.hashtags                                        |         8 | long varbinary(186)
.
.
.
retweeted_status.user.time_zone                          |         1 | varchar(20)
retweeted_status.user.url                                |         1 | varchar(68)
retweeted_status.user.utc_offset                         |         1 | varchar(20)
retweeted_status.user.verified                           |         1 | varchar(20)
(125 rows)

You can query the view:

=> SELECT "user.lang" FROM appLog_view;
 user.lang
-----------
it
en
es
en
en
es
tr
en
(12 rows)

11.9 - CREATE FLEXIBLE TABLE

Creates a flexible (flex) table in the logical schema.

When you create a flex table, Vertica automatically creates two dependent objects:

Keys table that is named flex-table-name_keys
View that is named flex-table-name_view

The flex table requires the keys table and view. Neither of these objects can exist independently of the flex table.

Syntax

Create with column definitions

CREATE [[ scope ] TEMP[ORARY]] FLEX[IBLE] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table-name
    ( [ column-definition[,...] [, table-constraint ][,...] ] )
    [ ORDER BY column[,...] ]
    [ segmentation-spec ]
    [ KSAFE [k-num] ]
    [ partition-clause]
    [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]

Create from another table

CREATE FLEX[IBLE] TABLE [[database.]schema.] table-name
  [ ( column-name-list ) ]
  [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]
AS  query [ ENCODED BY column-ref-list ]

Parameters

For general parameter descriptions, see CREATE TABLE; for parameters specific to temporary flex tables, see CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE and Creating flex tables.

You cannot partition a flex table on any virtual column (key).

Privileges

Non-superuser: CREATE privilege on table schema

Default columns

The CREATE statement can omit specifying any column definitions. CREATE FLEXIBLE TABLE always creates two columns automatically:

__raw__: LONG VARBINARY type column to store unstructured data that you load. By default, this column has a NOT NULL constraint.
__identity__: IDENTITY column that is used for segmentation and sorting when no other column is defined.

Default projections

Vertica automatically creates superprojections for both the flex table and keys tables when you create them.

If you create a flex table with one or more of the ORDER BY, ENCODED BY, SEGMENTED BY, or KSAFE clauses, the clause information is used to create projections. If no clauses are in use, Vertica uses the following defaults:

Table	Sort order	Encoding	Segmentation	K-safety
Flexible table	`ORDER BY *.__identity__`	none	`SEGMENTED BY hash *.__identity__ ALL NODES OFFSET 0`	`1`
Keys table	`ORDER BY *._keys_frequency`	none	`UNSEGMENTED ALL NODES`	`1`

Note

When you build a view for a flex table (see BUILD_FLEXTABLE_VIEW), the view is ordered by frequency, desc, and key_name.

Examples

The following example creates a flex table named darkdata without specifying any column information. Vertica creates a default superprojection and buddy projection as part of creating the table:

=> CREATE FLEXIBLE TABLE darkdata();
CREATE TABLE
=> \dj darkdata1*
                         List of projections
 Schema |         Name         |  Owner  |       Node       | Comment
--------+----------------------+---------+------------------+---------
 public | darkdata1_b0         | dbadmin |                  |
 public | darkdata1_b1         | dbadmin |                  |
 public | darkdata1_keys_super | dbadmin | v_vmart_node0001 |
 public | darkdata1_keys_super | dbadmin | v_vmart_node0002 |
 public | darkdata1_keys_super | dbadmin | v_vmart_node0003 |
(5 rows)

=> SELECT export_objects('','darkdata1_b0');
CREATE PROJECTION public.darkdata1_b0 /*+basename(darkdata1),createtype(P)*/
(
 __identity__,
 __raw__
)
AS
 SELECT darkdata1.__identity__,
        darkdata1.__raw__
 FROM public.darkdata1
 ORDER BY darkdata1.__identity__
SEGMENTED BY hash(darkdata1.__identity__) ALL NODES OFFSET 0;

SELECT MARK_DESIGN_KSAFE(1);
(1 row)

=> select export_objects('','darkdata1_keys_super');
CREATE PROJECTION public.darkdata1_keys_super /*+basename(darkdata1_keys),createtype(P)*/
(
 key_name,
 frequency,
 data_type_guess
)
AS
 SELECT darkdata1_keys.key_name,
        darkdata1_keys.frequency,
        darkdata1_keys.data_type_guess
 FROM public.darkdata1_keys
 ORDER BY darkdata1_keys.frequency
UNSEGMENTED ALL NODES;

SELECT MARK_DESIGN_KSAFE(1);
(1 row)

The following example creates a table called darkdata1 with one column definition (date_col). The statement specifies the partition by clause to partition the data by year. Vertica creates a default superprojection and buddy projections as part of creating the table:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE darkdata1 (date_col date NOT NULL) partition by
  extract('year' from date_col);
CREATE TABLE

11.10 - CREATE FUNCTION statements

Vertica provides CREATE statements for each type of user-defined extension.

Vertica provides CREATE statements for each type of user-defined extension. Each CREATE statement adds a user-defined function to the Vertica catalog:

CREATE statement	Extension
CREATE FUNCTION (scalar)	User-defined scalar functions (UDSFs)
CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION	User-defined aggregate functions (UDAFs)
CREATE ANALYTIC FUNCTION	User-defined analytic functions (UDAnF)
CREATE TRANSFORM FUNCTION	User-defined transform functions (UDTFs)
CREATE statements for user-defined load:
• CREATE SOURCE	Load source functions
• CREATE FILTER	Load filter functions
• CREATE PARSER	Load parser functions

Vertica also provides CREATE FUNCTION (SQL), which stores SQL expressions as functions that you can invoke in a query.

11.10.1 - CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION

Adds a user-defined aggregate function (UDAF) to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined aggregate function (UDAF) to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading aggregate functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the function to process.

User-defined aggregate functions run in unfenced mode only.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] AGGREGATE FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
  [[database.]schema.]function AS
  [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
  NAME 'factory'
  LIBRARY library
  [ NOT FENCED ];

Arguments

OR REPLACE

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, replace it. You can use this to change between fenced and unfenced modes, for example. If you do not use this directive and the function already exists, the CREATE statement returns with a rollback error.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

The language used to develop this function, currently C++ only (the default).

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance.

LIBRARY library

Name of the shared library that contains the function. This library must have already been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

NOT FENCED

Indicates that the function runs in unfenced mode. Aggregate functions cannot be run in fenced mode.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

CREATE privilege on the function's schema
USAGE privilege on the function's library

Examples

The following example demonstrates loading a library named AggregateFunctions and then defining functions named ag_avg and ag_cat. The functions are mapped to the AverageFactory and ConcatenateFactory classes in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY AggregateFunctions AS '/opt/vertica/sdk/examples/build/AggregateFunctions.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION ag_avg AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'AverageFactory'
   library AggregateFunctions;
CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION
=> CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION ag_cat AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'ConcatenateFactory'
   library AggregateFunctions;
CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
select * from user_functions;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+------------------------------------------------------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | ag_avg
procedure_type         | User Defined Aggregate
function_return_type   | Numeric
function_argument_type | Numeric
function_definition    | Class 'AverageFactory' in Library 'public.AggregateFunctions'
volatility             |
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | f
comment                |
-[ RECORD 2 ]----------+------------------------------------------------------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | ag_cat
procedure_type         | User Defined Aggregate
function_return_type   | Varchar
function_argument_type | Varchar
function_definition    | Class 'ConcatenateFactory' in Library 'public.AggregateFunctions'
volatility             |
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | f
comment                |

11.10.2 - CREATE ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Adds a user-defined analytic function (UDAnF) to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined analytic function (UDAnF) to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE ANALYTIC FUNCTION automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading analytic functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the function in the library to process.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] ANALYTIC FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]function AS
    [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
    NAME 'factory'
    LIBRARY library
    [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

Language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Java

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance.

LIBRARY library

Name of the library that contains the function. This library must already be loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function.

Default: FENCED

Privileges

Non-superuser:

CREATE privilege on the function's schema
USAGE privilege on the function's library

Examples

This example creates an analytic function named an_rank based on the factory class named RankFactory in the AnalyticFunctions library:

=> CREATE ANALYTIC FUNCTION an_rank AS LANGUAGE 'C++'
   NAME 'RankFactory' LIBRARY AnalyticFunctions;

11.10.3 - CREATE FILTER

Adds a user-defined load filter function to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined load filter function to the catalog. The library containing the filter function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE FILTER automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading load filter functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the function in the library to process.

Important

Installing an untrusted UDL function can compromise the security of the server. UDxs can contain arbitrary code. In particular, user-defined source functions can read data from any arbitrary location. It is up to the developer of the function to enforce proper security limitations. Superusers must not grant access to UDxs to untrusted users.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FILTER [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
   [[database.]schema.]function AS
   [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
   NAME 'factory' LIBRARY library
   [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

The language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Java
Python

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance. This is the same name used by the RegisterFactory class.

LIBRARY library

Name of the C++ library shared object file, Python file, or Java Jar file. This library must already have been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function.

Default: FENCED

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following example demonstrates loading a library named iConverterLib, then defining a filter function named Iconverter that is mapped to the iConverterFactory factory class in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY iConverterLib as '/opt/vertica/sdk/examples/build/IconverterLib.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE FILTER Iconverter AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'IconverterFactory' LIBRARY IconverterLib;
CREATE FILTER FUNCTION
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
=> SELECT * FROM user_functions;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+--------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | Iconverter
procedure_type         | User Defined Filter
function_return_type   |
function_argument_type |
function_definition    |
volatility             |
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | f
comment                |

11.10.4 - CREATE FUNCTION (scalar)

Adds a user-defined scalar function (UDSF) to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined scalar function (UDSF) to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

A UDSF takes in a single row of data and returns a single value. These functions can be used anywhere a native Vertica function or statement can be used, except CREATE TABLE with its PARTITION BY or any segmentation clause.

CREATE FUNCTION automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading UDxs. When you call the function, Vertica passes the parameters to the function in the library to process.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
   [[database.]schema.]function AS
   [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
   NAME 'factory'
   LIBRARY library
   [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

Language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Python
Java
R

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance.

LIBRARY library

Name of the C++ shared object file, Python file, Java Jar file, or R functions file. This library must already have been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function. Functions written in Java and R always run in fenced mode.

Default: FENCED

Privileges

CREATE privilege on the function's schema
USAGE privilege on the function's library

Examples

The following example loads a library named ScalarFunctions and then defines a function named Add2ints that is mapped to the Add2intsInfo factory class in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY ScalarFunctions AS '/opt/vertica/sdk/examples/build/ScalarFunctions.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE FUNCTION Add2Ints AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'Add2IntsFactory' LIBRARY ScalarFunctions;
CREATE FUNCTION
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
=> SELECT * FROM USER_FUNCTIONS;

-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+----------------------------------------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | Add2Ints
procedure_type         | User Defined Function
function_return_type   | Integer
function_argument_type | Integer, Integer
function_definition    | Class 'Add2IntsFactory' in Library 'public.ScalarFunctions'
volatility             | volatile
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | t
comment                |

=> \x
Expanded display is off.
=> -- Try a simple call to the function
=> SELECT Add2Ints(23,19);
 Add2Ints
----------
       42
(1 row)

The following example uses a scalar function that returns a ROW:

=> CREATE FUNCTION div_with_rem AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'DivFactory' LIBRARY ScalarFunctions;

=> SELECT div_with_rem(18,5);
        div_with_rem
------------------------------
 {"quotient":3,"remainder":3}
(1 row)

11.10.5 - CREATE FUNCTION (SQL)

Stores SQL expressions as functions for use in queries.

Stores SQL expressions as functions for use in queries. User-defined SQL functions are useful for executing complex queries and combining Vertica built-in functions. You simply call the function in a given query. If multiple SQL functions with the same name and argument types are in the search path, Vertica calls the first match that it finds.

SQL functions are flattened in all cases, including DDL.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]function( [ arg_list ] )
    RETURN return_type
    AS
    BEGIN
       RETURN expression;
    END;

Arguments

OR REPLACE

If a function of the same name and arguments exists, replace it. If you only change the function arguments, Vertica ignores this option and maintains both functions under the same name.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

SQL function to create, where function conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

*arg_list*

A comma-delimited list of argument names and their data types, specified in this format:

argname argtype[,...]

where:

argname is the name of an argument passed to function.
argtype is argname's data type.

*return_type*

The data type that this function returns.

RETURN expression

The SQL function body, where expression can contain built-in functions, operators, and argument names specified in the CREATE FUNCTION statement.

A semicolon at the end of the expression is required.

Note

CREATE FUNCTION allows only one RETURN expression. Return expressions do not support the following:

FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, and LIMIT clauses
Aggregation, analytics, and meta-functions

Privileges

Non-superuser:

CREATE privilege on the function's schema
USAGE privilege on the function's library

Strictness and volatility

Vertica infers the strictness and volatility (stable, immutable, or volatile) of a SQL function from its definition. Vertica then determines the correctness of usage, such as where an immutable function is expected but a volatile function is provided.

SQL functions and views

You can create views on the queries that use SQL functions and then query the views. When you create a view, a SQL function replaces a call to the user-defined function with the function body in a view definition. Therefore, when the body of the user-defined function is replaced, the view should also be replaced.

Examples

See Creating user-defined SQL functions.

11.10.6 - CREATE PARSER

Adds a user-defined load parser function to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined load parser function to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE PARSER automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading load parser functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the function in the library to process.

Important

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PARSER [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
   [[database.]schema.]function AS
   [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
   NAME 'factory'
   LIBRARY library
   [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

The language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Java
Python

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance. This is the same name used by the RegisterFactory class.

LIBRARY library

Name of the C++ library shared object file, Python file, or Java Jar file. This library must already have been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function.

Default: FENCED

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following example demonstrates loading a library named BasicIntegrerParserLib, then defining a parser function named BasicIntegerParser that is mapped to the BasicIntegerParserFactory factory class in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY BasicIntegerParserLib as '/opt/vertica/sdk/examples/build/BasicIntegerParser.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE PARSER BasicIntegerParser AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'BasicIntegerParserFactory' LIBRARY BasicIntegerParserLib;
CREATE PARSER FUNCTION
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
=> SELECT * FROM user_functions;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+--------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | BasicIntegerParser
procedure_type         | User Defined Parser
function_return_type   |
function_argument_type |
function_definition    |
volatility             |
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | f
comment                |

11.10.7 - CREATE SOURCE

Adds a user-defined load source function to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined load source function to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE SOURCE automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading load source functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the function in the library to process.

Important

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] SOURCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]function AS
    [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
    NAME 'factory'
    LIBRARY library
    [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

Language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Java

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance. This is the same name used by the RegisterFactory class.

LIBRARY library

Name of the C++ library shared object file or Java Jar file. This library must already have been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function.

**Default: **FENCED

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following example demonstrates loading a library named curllib, then defining a source function named curl that is mapped to the CurlSourceFactory factory class in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY curllib as '/opt/vertica/sdk/examples/build/cURLLib.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE SOURCE curl AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'CurlSourceFactory' LIBRARY curllib;
CREATE SOURCE
=> \x
Expanded display is on.
=> SELECT * FROM user_functions;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------+--------------------
schema_name            | public
function_name          | curl
procedure_type         | User Defined Source
function_return_type   |
function_argument_type |
function_definition    |
volatility             |
is_strict              | f
is_fenced              | f
comment                |

11.10.8 - CREATE TRANSFORM FUNCTION

Adds a user-defined transform function (UDTF) to the catalog.

Adds a user-defined transform function (UDTF) to the catalog. The library containing the function must have been previously added using CREATE LIBRARY.

CREATE TRANSFORM FUNCTION automatically determines the function parameters and return value from data supplied by the factory class. Vertica supports overloading transform functions. When you call the SQL function, Vertica passes the input table to the transform function in the library to process.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRANSFORM FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]function AS
    [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]
    NAME 'factory'
    LIBRARY library
    [ FENCED | NOT FENCED ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

IF NOT EXISTS

If a function with the same name and arguments exists, return without creating the function.

OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS are mutually exclusive.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*function*

Name of the function to create. This is the name used in SQL invocations of the function. It does not need to match the name of the factory, but it is less confusing if they are the same or similar.

The function name must conform to the restrictions on Identifiers.

LANGUAGE 'language'

The language used to develop this function, one of the following:

C++ (default)
Java
R
Python

NAME 'factory'

Name of the factory class that generates the function instance.

LIBRARY library

Name of the C++ shared object file, Python file, Java Jar file, or R functions file. This library must already have been loaded by CREATE LIBRARY.

FENCED | NOT FENCED

Enables or disables fenced mode for this function. Functions written in Java and R always run in fenced mode.

Default: FENCED

Privileges

Non-superuser:

CREATE privilege on the function's schema
USAGE privilege on the function's library

Restrictions

A query that includes a UDTF cannot:

Include statements other than the SELECT statement that calls this UDTF and a PARTITION BY expression
Call an analytic function
Call another UDTF
Include one of the following clauses:

Examples

The following example loads a library named TransformFunctions and then defines a function named tokenize that is mapped to the TokenFactory factory class in the library:

=> CREATE LIBRARY TransformFunctions AS
   '/home/dbadmin/TransformFunctions.so';
CREATE LIBRARY
=> CREATE TRANSFORM FUNCTION tokenize
   AS LANGUAGE 'C++' NAME 'TokenFactory' LIBRARY TransformFunctions;
CREATE TRANSFORM FUNCTION

11.11 - CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA

Define a schema for data stored in a Hive data warehouse using the HCatalog Connector.

Define a schema for data stored in a Hive data warehouse using the HCatalog Connector. For more information, see Using the HCatalog Connector.

Most of the optional parameters are read out of Hadoop configuration files if available. If you copied the Hadoop configuration files as described in Configuring Vertica for HCatalog, you can omit most parameters. By default this statement uses the values specified in those configuration files. If the configuration files are complete, the following is a valid statement:

=> CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat;

If a value is not specified in the configuration files and a default is shown in the parameter list, then that default value is used.

Some parameters apply only if you are using HiveServer2 (the default). Others apply only if you are using WebHCat, a legacy Hadoop service. When using HiveServer2, use HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME to specify the server host. When using WebHCat, use WEBSERVICE_HOSTNAME to specify the server host.

If you need to use WebHCat you must also set the HCatalogConnectorUseHiveServer2 configuration parameter to 0. See Apache Hadoop parameters.

After creating the schema, you can change many (but not all) parameters using ALTER HCATALOG SCHEMA.

Syntax

CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA [IF NOT EXISTS] schemaName
    [AUTHORIZATION user-id]
    [WITH [param=value [,...] ] ]

Arguments

Argument	Description
`[IF NOT EXISTS]`	If given, the statement exits without an error when the schema named in `schemaName` already exists.
`schemaName`	The name of the schema to create in the Vertica catalog. The tables in the Hive database will be available through this schema.
`AUTHORIZATION` `user-id`	The name of a Vertica account to own the schema being created. This parameter is ignored if Kerberos authentication is being used; in that case the current vsql user is used.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`HOSTNAME`	The hostname, IP address, or URI of the database server that stores the Hive data warehouse's metastore information. If you specify this parameter and do not also specify `PORT`, then this value must be in the URI format used for hive.metastore.uris in hive-site.xml. If the Hive metastore supports High Availability, you can specify a comma-separated list of URIs for this value. If this value is not specified, hive-site.xml must be available.
`PORT`	The port number on which the metastore database is running. If you specify this parameter, you must also specify `HOSTNAME` and it must be a name or IP address (not a URI).
`HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME`	The hostname or IP address of the HiveServer2 service. This parameter is optional if in hive-site.xml you set one of the following properties: hive.server2.thrift.bind.host to a valid host hive.server2.support.dynamic.service.discovery to true This parameter is ignored if you are using WebHCat.
`WEBSERVICE_HOSTNAME`	The hostname or IP address of the WebHCat service, if using WebHCat instead of HiveServer2. If this value is not specified, webhcat-site.xml must be available.
`WEBSERVICE_PORT`	The port number on which the WebHCat service is running, if using WebHCat instead of HiveServer2. If this value is not specified, webhcat-site.xml must be available.
`WEBHDFS_ADDRESS`	The host and port ("host:port") for the WebHDFS service. This parameter is used only for reading ORC and Parquet files. If this value is not set, hdfs-site.xml must be available to read these file types through the HCatalog Connector.
`HCATALOG_SCHEMA`	The name of the Hive schema or database that the Vertica schema is being mapped to. The default is `schemaName`.
`CUSTOM_PARTITIONS`	Whether the Hive schema uses custom partition locations ('YES' or 'NO'). If the schema uses custom partition locations, then Vertica queries Hive to get those locations when executing queries. These additional Hive queries can be expensive, so use this parameter only if you need to. The default is 'NO' (disabled). For more information, see Using Partitioned Data.
`HCATALOG_USER`	The username of the HCatalog user to use when making calls to the HiveServer2 or WebHCat server. The default is the current database user.
`HCATALOG_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT`	The number of seconds the HCatalog Connector waits for a successful connection to the HiveServer or WebHCat server. A value of 0 means wait indefinitely.
`HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_LIMIT`	The lowest data transfer rate (in bytes per second) from the HiveServer2 or WebHCat server that the HCatalog Connector accepts. See HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_TIME for details.
`HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_TIME`	The number of seconds the HCatalog Connector waits before enforcing the data transfer rate lower limit. After this time has passed, the HCatalog Connector tests whether the data transfer rate is at least as fast as the value set in HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_LIMIT. If it is not, then the HCatalog Connector breaks the connection and terminates the query.
`SSL_CONFIG`	The path of the Hadoop ssl-client.xml configuration file. This parameter is required if you are using HiveServer2 and it uses SSL wire encryption. This parameter is ignored if you are using WebHCat.

The default values for HCATALOG_CONNECTOR_TIMEOUT, HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_LIMIT, and HCATALOG_SLOW_TRANSFER_TIME are set by the database configuration parameters HCatConnectionTimeout, HCatSlowTransferLimit, and HCatSlowTransferTime. See Apache Hadoop parameters for more information.

Configuration files

The HCatalog Connector uses the following values from the Hadoop configuration files if you do not override them when creating the schema.

File	Properties
`hive-site.xml`	hive.server2.thrift.bind.host (used for HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME)
	hive.server2.thrift.port
	hive.server2.transport.mode
	hive.server2.authentication
	hive.server2.authentication.kerberos.principal
	hive.server2.support.dynamic.service.discovery
	hive.zookeeper.quorum (used as HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME if dynamic service discovery is enabled)
	hive.zookeeper.client.port
	hive.server2.zookeeper.namespace
	hive.metastore.uris (used for HOSTNAME and PORT)
`ssl-client.xml`	ssl.client.truststore.location
`ssl-client.xml`	ssl.client.truststore.password

Privileges

The user must be a superuser or be granted all permissions on the database to use this statement.

The user also requires access to Hive data in one of the following ways:

Have USAGE permissions on hcatalog_schema, if Hive does not use an authorization service (Sentry or Ranger) to manage access.
Have permission through an authorization service, if Hive uses it to manage access. In this case you must either set EnableHCatImpersonation to 0, to access data as the Vertica principal, or grant users access to the HDFS data. For Sentry, you can use ACL synchronization to manage HDFS access.
Be the dbadmin user, with or without an authorization service.

Examples

The following example shows how to use CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA to define a new schema for tables stored in a Hive database and then query the system tables that contain information about those tables:

=> CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat WITH HOSTNAME='hcathost' PORT=9083
   HCATALOG_SCHEMA='default' HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME='hs.example.com'
   SSL_CONFIG='/etc/hadoop/conf/ssl-client.xml' HCATALOG_USER='admin';
CREATE SCHEMA
=> \x
Expanded display is on.

=> SELECT * FROM v_catalog.hcatalog_schemata;
-[ RECORD 1 ]----------------+-------------------------------------------
schema_id                    | 45035996273748224
schema_name                  | hcat
schema_owner_id              | 45035996273704962
schema_owner                 | admin
create_time                  | 2017-12-05 14:43:03.353404-05
hostname                     | hcathost
port                         | -1
hiveserver2_hostname         | hs.example.com
webservice_hostname          |
webservice_port              | 50111
webhdfs_address              | hs.example.com:50070
hcatalog_schema_name         | default
ssl_config                   | /etc/hadoop/conf/ssl-client.xml
hcatalog_user_name           | admin
hcatalog_connection_timeout  | -1
hcatalog_slow_transfer_limit | -1
hcatalog_slow_transfer_time  | -1
custom_partitions            | f

=> SELECT * FROM v_catalog.hcatalog_table_list;
-[ RECORD 1 ]------+------------------
table_schema_id    | 45035996273748224
table_schema       | hcat
hcatalog_schema    | default
table_name         | nation
hcatalog_user_name | admin
-[ RECORD 2 ]------+------------------
table_schema_id    | 45035996273748224
table_schema       | hcat
hcatalog_schema    | default
table_name         | raw
hcatalog_user_name | admin
-[ RECORD 3 ]------+------------------
table_schema_id    | 45035996273748224
table_schema       | hcat
hcatalog_schema    | default
table_name         | raw_rcfile
hcatalog_user_name | admin
-[ RECORD 4 ]------+------------------
table_schema_id    | 45035996273748224
table_schema       | hcat
hcatalog_schema    | default
table_name         | raw_sequence
hcatalog_user_name | admin

The following example shows how to specify more than one metastore host.

=> CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat
   WITH HOSTNAME='thrift://node1.example.com:9083,thrift://node2.example.com:9083';

The following example shows how to include custom partition locations:

=> CREATE HCATALOG SCHEMA hcat WITH HCATALOG_SCHEMA='default'
    HIVESERVER2_HOSTNAME='hs.example.com'
    CUSTOM_PARTITIONS='yes';

11.12 - CREATE KEY

Creates a private key.

Syntax

CREATE [TEMP[ORARY]] KEY name
       { 'AES' [ PASSWORD 'password' ] | 'RSA' }
       {LENGTH length | AS key_text}

Parameters

TEMPORARY

Create with session scope. The key is stored in memory and is valid only for the current session.

*name*

The name of the key.

*password*

Password for the key.

*length*

Size of the key in bits.

Example: 2048

*key_text*

The contents of the key to import.

Example:

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----...ABCD1234...-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

See Generating TLS certificates and keys.

11.13 - CREATE LIBRARY

Loads a library containing user-defined extensions (UDxs) into the Vertica catalog.

Loads a library containing user-defined extensions (UDxs) into the Vertica catalog. Vertica automatically distributes copies of the library file and supporting libraries to all cluster nodes.

Because libraries are added to the database catalog, they persist across database restarts.

After loading a library in the catalog, you can use statements such as CREATE FUNCTION to define the extensions contained in the library. See Developing user-defined extensions (UDxs) for details.

Syntax

CREATE [OR REPLACE] LIBRARY
    [[database.]schema.]name
    AS 'path'
    [ DEPENDS 'depends-path' ]
    [ LANGUAGE 'language' ]

Arguments

OR REPLACE

If a library with the same name exists, replace it. UDxs defined in the catalog that reference the updated library automatically start using the new library file.

If you do not use this directive and the library already exists, the CREATE statement returns with an error.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

name

Name of the library to create. This is the name used when creating functions in the library (see Creating UDx Functions). While not required, it is good practice to match the file name.

AS path

Path of the library to load, either an absolute path on the initiator node file system or a URI for another supported file system or object store.

DEPENDS 'depends-path'

If any path entry contain colons, such as a URI, place brackets around the entire DEPENDS path and use double quotes for the individual path elements, as in the following example:

DEPENDS '["s3://mybucket/gson-2.3.1.jar"]'

To specify libraries with multiple directory levels, see Multi-level Library Dependencies.

DEPENDS has no effect for libraries written in R. R packages must be installed locally on each node, including external dependencies.

Important

The performance of CREATE LIBRARY can degrade in Eon Mode, in proportion to the number and depth of dependencies specified by the DEPENDS clause.

If a Java library depends on native libraries (SO files), use DEPENDS to specify the path and call System.loadLibrary() in your UDx to load the native libraries from that path.

LANGUAGE 'language'

The programming language of the functions in the library, one of:

C++ (default)
Python
Java
R

Privileges

Superuser, or UDXDEVELOPER and CREATE on the schema. Non-superusers must explicitly enable the UDXDEVELOPER role, as in the following example:

=> SET ROLE UDXDEVELOPER;
SET

-- Not required, but you can confirm the role as follows:
=> SHOW ENABLED ROLES;
     name      |   setting
---------------+--------------
 enabled roles | udxdeveloper
(1 row)

=> CREATE LIBRARY MyLib AS '/home/dbadmin/my_lib.so';
CREATE LIBRARY

-- Create functions...

-- UDXDEVELOPER also grants DROP (replace):
=> CREATE OR REPLACE LIBRARY MyLib AS '/home/dbadmin/my_lib.so';

Requirements

Vertica makes its own copies of the library files. Later modification or deletion of the original files specified in the statement does not affect the library defined in the catalog. To update the library, use ALTER LIBRARY.
Loading a library does not guarantee that it functions correctly. CREATE LIBRARY performs some basic checks on the library file to verify it is compatible with Vertica. The statement fails if it detects that the library was not correctly compiled or it finds other basic incompatibilities. However, CREATE LIBRARY cannot detect many other issues in shared libraries.

Multi-level library dependencies

=> CREATE LIBRARY mylib AS '/path/to/python_udx' DEPENDS '/path/to/python/site-packages' LANGUAGE 'Python';

Important

DEPENDS can specify Java library dependencies that are up to 100 levels deep.

Examples

Load a library in the home directory of the dbadmin account:

=> CREATE LIBRARY MyFunctions AS '/home/dbadmin/my_functions.so';

Load a library located in the directory where you started vsql:

=> \set libfile '\''`pwd`'/MyOtherFunctions.so\'';
=> CREATE LIBRARY MyOtherFunctions AS :libfile;

Load a library from the cloud:

=> CREATE LIBRARY SomeFunctions AS 'S3://mybucket/extensions.so';

Load a library that depends on multiple JAR files in the same directory:

=> CREATE LIBRARY DeleteVowelsLib AS '/home/dbadmin/JavaLib.jar'
   DEPENDS '/home/dbadmin/mylibs/*' LANGUAGE 'Java';

Load a library with multiple explicit dependencies:

=> CREATE LIBRARY mylib AS '/path/to/java_udx'
   DEPENDS '/path/to/jars/this.jar:/path/to/jars/that.jar' LANGUAGE 'Java';

Load a library with dependencies in the cloud:

=> CREATE LIBRARY s3lib AS 's3://mybucket/UdlLib.jar'
   DEPENDS '["s3://mybucket/gson-2.3.1.jar"]' LANGUAGE 'Java';

11.14 - CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP

Creates a group of network addresses that can be targeted by a load balancing routing rule.

Creates a group of network addresses that can be targeted by a load balancing routing rule. You create a group either using a list of network addresses, or basing it on one or more fault groups or subclusters.

Note

You cannot add multiple network addresses for one node to the same load balancing group.

Syntax

CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_name WITH {
      ADDRESS address[,...]
    | FAULT GROUP  fault_group[,...] FILTER 'IP_range'
    | SUBCLUSTER subcluster[,...] FILTER 'IP_range'
    }
    [ POLICY 'policy_setting' ]

Parameters

group_name

Name of the group to create. You use this name later when defining load balancing rules.

address[,...]

Comma-delimited list of network addresses you created earlier.

fault_group[,...]

Comma-delimited list of fault groups to use as the basis of the load balance group.

Note

Before you create your load balance group from a fault group, you must create network addresses on the nodes you want in your load balance group. Load balance groups only work with the network addresses you define on nodes, rather than IP addresses. See CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS.

subcluster[,...]

Comma-delimited list of subclusters to use as the basis of the load balance group.

Note

As with fault groups, you must create network addresses on the nodes in the subcluster you want to be part of the load balance group.

IP_range

Range of IP addresses in CIDR notation to include in the load balance group from the fault groups or subclusters. This range can be either IPv4 or IPv6. Only nodes that have a network address with an IP address that falls within this range are added to the load balancing group.

policy_setting

Determines how the initially-contacted node chooses a target from the group, one of the following:

ROUNDROBIN (default) rotates among the available members of the load balancing group. The initially-contacted node keeps track of which node it chose last time, and chooses the next one in the cluster.

Note
Each node in the cluster maintains its own round-robin pointer that indicates which node it should pick next for each load-balancing group. Therefore, if clients connect to different initial nodes, they may be redirected to the same node.
RANDOM chooses an available node from the group randomly.
NONE disables load balancing.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following statement demonstrates creating a load balance group that contains several network addresses:

=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS addr01 ON v_vmart_node0001 WITH '10.20.110.21';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS addr02 ON v_vmart_node0002 WITH '10.20.110.22';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS addr03 on v_vmart_node0003 WITH '10.20.110.23';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS addr04 on v_vmart_node0004 WITH '10.20.110.24';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_1 WITH ADDRESS addr01, addr02;
CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP
=> CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_2 WITH ADDRESS addr03, addr04;
CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP

=> SELECT * FROM LOAD_BALANCE_GROUPS;
    name    |   policy   |     filter      |         type          | object_name
------------+------------+-----------------+-----------------------+-------------
 group_1    | ROUNDROBIN |                 | Network Address Group | addr01
 group_1    | ROUNDROBIN |                 | Network Address Group | addr02
 group_2    | ROUNDROBIN |                 | Network Address Group | addr03
 group_2    | ROUNDROBIN |                 | Network Address Group | addr04
(4 rows)

This example demonstrates creating a load balancing group using a fault group:

=> CREATE FAULT GROUP fault_1;
CREATE FAULT GROUP
=> ALTER FAULT GROUP fault_1 ADD NODE  v_vmart_node0001;
ALTER FAULT GROUP
=> ALTER FAULT GROUP fault_1 ADD NODE  v_vmart_node0002;
ALTER FAULT GROUP
=> ALTER FAULT GROUP fault_1 ADD NODE  v_vmart_node0003;
ALTER FAULT GROUP
=> ALTER FAULT GROUP fault_1 ADD NODE  v_vmart_node0004;
ALTER FAULT GROUP
=> SELECT node_name,node_address,node_address_family,export_address
   FROM v_catalog.nodes;
    node_name     | node_address | node_address_family | export_address
------------------+--------------+---------------------+----------------
 v_vmart_node0001 | 10.20.110.21 | ipv4                | 10.20.110.21
 v_vmart_node0002 | 10.20.110.22 | ipv4                | 10.20.110.22
 v_vmart_node0003 | 10.20.110.23 | ipv4                | 10.20.110.23
 v_vmart_node0004 | 10.20.110.24 | ipv4                | 10.20.110.24
(4 rows)

=> CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_all WITH FAULT GROUP fault_1 FILTER
   '0.0.0.0/0';
CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP

=> CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_some WITH FAULT GROUP fault_1 FILTER
   '10.20.110.21/30';
CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP

=> SELECT * FROM LOAD_BALANCE_GROUPS;
      name      |   policy   |     filter      |         type          | object_name
----------------+------------+-----------------+-----------------------+-------------
 group_all      | ROUNDROBIN | 0.0.0.0/0       | Fault Group           | fault_1
 group_some     | ROUNDROBIN | 10.20.110.21/30 | Fault Group           | fault_1
(2 rows)

11.15 - CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY VIEW

Creates or replaces a local temporary view.

Creates or replaces a local temporary view. Views are read only, so they do not support insert, update, delete, or copy operations. Local temporary views are session-scoped, so they are visible only to their creator in the current session. Vertica drops the view when the session ends.

Note

Vertica does not support global temporary views.

Syntax

CREATE [OR REPLACE] LOCAL TEMP[ORARY] VIEW view [ (column[,...] ) ] AS query

Parameters

OR REPLACE: Specifies to overwrite the existing view view-name. If you omit this option and view-name already exists, CREATE VIEW returns an error.
view: Identifies the view to create, where view conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.
column[,...]: List of up to 9800 names to use as view column names. Vertica maps view column names to query columns according to the order of their respective lists. By default, the view uses column names as they are specified in the query.
AS query: A SELECT statement that the temporary view executes. The SELECT statement can reference tables, temporary tables, and other views.

Privileges

See Creating views.

Examples

The following CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY VIEW statement creates the temporary view myview. This view sums all individual incomes of customers listed in the store.store_sales_fact table, and groups results by state:

=> CREATE LOCAL TEMP VIEW myview AS
   SELECT SUM(annual_income), customer_state FROM public.customer_dimension
     WHERE customer_key IN (SELECT customer_key FROM store.store_sales_fact)
     GROUP BY customer_state
     ORDER BY customer_state ASC;

The following example uses the temporary view myview with a WHERE clause that limits the results to combined salaries greater than $2 billion:

=> SELECT * FROM myview WHERE SUM > 2000000000;


     SUM     | customer_state
-------------+----------------
  2723441590 | AZ
 29253817091 | CA
  4907216137 | CO
  3769455689 | CT
  3330524215 | FL
  4581840709 | IL
  3310667307 | IN
  2793284639 | MA
  5225333668 | MI
  2128169759 | NV
  2806150503 | PA
  2832710696 | TN
 14215397659 | TX
  2642551509 | UT
(14 rows)

11.16 - CREATE LOCATION

Creates a storage location where Vertica can store data.

Creates a storage location where Vertica can store data. After you create the location, you create storage policies that assign the storage location to the database objects that will store data in the location.

Caution

While no technical issue prevents you from using CREATE LOCATION to add one or more Network File System (NFS) storage locations, Vertica does not support NFS data or catalog storage except for MapR mount points. You will be unable to run queries against any other NFS data. When creating locations on MapR file systems, you must specify ALL NODES SHARED.

If you use HDFS storage locations, the HDFS data must be available when you start Vertica. Your HDFS cluster must be operational, and the ROS files must be present. If you moved data files, or they are corrupted, or your HDFS cluster is not responsive, Vertica cannot start.

Syntax

CREATE LOCATION 'path'
    [NODE 'node' | ALL NODES]
    [SHARED]
    [USAGE 'usage']
    [LABEL 'label']
    [LIMIT 'size']

Arguments

path

Where to store this location's data. The type of file system on which the location is based determines the path format:

Linux: Absolute path to the directory where Vertica can write the storage location's data.
Shared file systems: See the URL specifications in HDFS file system, S3 object store, Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store, and Azure Blob Storage object store.

HDFS storage locations have additional requirements.

ALL NODES | NODE 'node'

The node or nodes on which the storage location is defined, one of the following:

ALL NODES (default): Create the storage location on each node. If SHARED is also specified, create the storage location once for use by all nodes.
NODE 'node': Create the storage location on a single node, where node is the name of the node in the NODES system table. You cannot use this option with SHARED.

SHARED

Indicates the location set by path is shared (used by all nodes) rather than local to each node. You cannot specify individual nodes with SHARED; you must use ALL NODES.

Most remote file systems such as HDFS and S3 are shared. For these file systems, the path argument represents a single location in the remote file system where all nodes store data. If using a remote file system, you must specify SHARED, even for one-node clusters.

Note

If path is set to S3 communal storage, SHARED is always implied and can be omitted.

Deprecated

SHARED DATA and SHARED DATA,TEMP storage locations are deprecated.

USAGE 'usage'

The type of data the storage location can hold, where usage is one of the following:

DATA,TEMP (default): The storage location can store persistent and temporary DML-generated data, and data for temporary tables.
TEMP: A path-specified location to store DML-generated temporary data. If path is set to S3, then this location is used only when the RemoteStorageForTemp configuration parameter is set to 1, and TEMP must be qualified with ALL NODES SHARED. For details, see S3 Storage of Temporary Data.
DATA: The storage location can only store persistent data.
USER: Users with READ and WRITE privileges can access data and external tables of this storage location.
DEPOT: The storage location is used in Eon Mode to store the depot. Only create DEPOT storage locations on local Linux file systems.

Vertica allows a single DEPOT storage location per node. If you want to move your depot to different location (on a different file system, for example) you must first drop the old depot storage location, then create the new location.

LABEL 'label'

A label for the storage location, used when assigning the storage location to data objects. You use this name later when assigning the storage location to data objects.

Important

You must supply a label for depot storage locations.

LIMIT 'size'

Valid only if the storage location usage type is set to DEPOT, specifies the maximum amount of disk space that the depot can allocate from the storage location's file system.

You can specify size in two ways:

integer%: Percentage of storage location disk size.
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of storage location disk size in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes.

Important

The depot size cannot exceed 80 percent of the file system disk space where the depot is stored. If you specify a value that is too large, Vertica issues a warning and automatically changes the value to 80 percent of the file system size.

If you do not specify a limit, it is set to 60 percent.

Privileges

Superuser

File system access

The Vertica process must have read and write permissions to the location where data is to be stored. Each file system has its own requirements:

File system	Requirements
Linux	Database superuser account (usually named dbadmin) must have full read and write access to the directory in the `path` argument.
HDFS without Kerberos	A Hadoop user whose username matches the Vertica database administrator username (usually dbadmin) must have read and write access to the HDFS directory specified in the `path` argument. The UseServerIdentityOverUserIdentity configuration parameter must be set to true in the user session; otherwise Vertica tries to use the identity associated with the logged-in user.
HDFS with Kerberos	A Hadoop user whose username matches the principal in the keytab file on each Vertica node must have read and write access to the HDFS directory stored in the path argument. This is not the same as the database administrator username. The UseServerIdentityOverUserIdentity configuration parameter must be set to true in the user session; otherwise Vertica tries to use the Kerberos principal associated with the logged-in user.
Object stores (S3, GCS, Azure)	Database-level credentials must be specified and provide full read and write access to the location in the path argument. If session-level credentials are specified they are used, directly overriding the use of the storage location.

Examples

Create a storage location in the local Linux file system for temporary data storage:

=> CREATE LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/testloc' USAGE 'TEMP' LABEL 'tempfiles';

Create a storage location on HDFS. The HDFS cluster does not use Kerberos:

=> CREATE LOCATION 'hdfs://hadoopNS/vertica/colddata' ALL NODES SHARED
   USAGE 'data' LABEL 'coldstorage';

Create the same storage location, but on a Hadoop cluster that uses Kerberos. Note the output that reports the principal being used:

=> CREATE LOCATION 'hdfs://hadoopNS/vertica/colddata' ALL NODES SHARED
   USAGE 'data' LABEL 'coldstorage';
NOTICE 0: Performing HDFS operations using kerberos principal [vertica/hadoop.example.com]
CREATE LOCATION

Create a location for user data, grant access to it, and use it to create an external table:

=> CREATE LOCATION '/tmp' ALL NODES USAGE 'user';
CREATE LOCATION
=> GRANT ALL ON LOCATION '/tmp' to Bob;
GRANT PRIVILEGE
=> CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext1 (x integer) AS COPY FROM '/tmp/data/ext1.dat' DELIMITER ',';
CREATE TABLE

Create a user storage location on S3 and a role, so that users without their own S3 credentials can read data from S3 using the server credential:

   --- set database-level credential (once):
=> ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT SET AWSAuth = 'myaccesskeyid123456:mysecretaccesskey123456789012345678901234';

=> CREATE LOCATION 's3://datalake' SHARED USAGE 'USER' LABEL 's3user';

=> CREATE ROLE ExtUsers;
   --- Assign users to this role using GRANT (Role).

=> GRANT READ ON LOCATION 's3://datalake' TO ExtUsers;

11.17 - CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS

Creates a network address that can be used as part of a connection load balancing policy.

Creates a network address that can be used as part of a connection load balancing policy. A network address creates a name in the Vertica catalog for an IP address and port number associated with a node. Nodes can have multiple network addresses, up to one for each IP address they have on the network.

Syntax

CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS name ON node WITH 'ip-address' [PORT port-number] [ENABLED | DISABLED]

Parameters

name: The name of the new network address. Use this name when creating connection load balancing groups.
node: The name of the node on which to create the network address. This should be name of the node as it appears in the node_name column of system table NODES.
ip-address: The IPv4 or and IPv6 address on the node to associate with the network address.

Note
Vertica does not verify that the IP address you supply in this parameter is actually associated with the specified node. Be sure that the IP address actually belongs to the node. Otherwise, your load balancing policy is liable to send a client connection to the wrong node, or a non-Vertica host. Vertica rejects IP address that are invalid for a node. For example, it checks whether the IP address falls in the loopback address range of 127.0.0.0/8. If it finds that the IP address is invalid, CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS returns an error.
PORT port-number: Sets the port number for the network address. You must supply a network address when altering the port number.
ENABLED | DISABLED: Enables or disables the network address.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Create three network addresses, one for each node in a three-node cluster:

=> SELECT node_name,export_address from v_catalog.nodes;
      node_name      | export_address
---------------------+----------------
 v_vmart_br_node0001 | 10.20.100.62
 v_vmart_br_node0002 | 10.20.100.63
 v_vmart_br_node0003 | 10.20.100.64
(3 rows)

=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS node01 ON v_vmart_br_node0001 WITH '10.20.100.62';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS node02 ON v_vmart_br_node0002 WITH '10.20.100.63';
CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS
=> CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS node03 ON v_vmart_br_node0003 WITH '10.20.100.64';

11.18 - CREATE NETWORK INTERFACE

Identifies a network interface to which a node belongs.

Use this statement when you want to configure import/export operations from individual nodes to other Vertica clusters. By default, when you install Vertica, it creates interfaces for all connected networks. You would only need CREATE NETWORK INTERFACE in situations where the network topology has changed since you installed Vertica.

Note

Do not confuse this statement with CREATE NETWORK ADDRESS, which is used to identify network addresses for connection load balancing (see Connection load balancing policies).

Syntax

CREATE NETWORK INTERFACE network-interface-name ON node-name [WITH] 'node-IP-address' [PORT port-number] [ENABLED | DISABLED]

network-interface-name: The name you assign to the network interface, where network-interface-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
node-name: The name of the node.
node-IP-address: The node's IP address, either a public or private IP address. For more information, see Using Public and Private IP Networks.
PORT port-number: Sets the port number for the network interface. You must supply a network interface when altering the port number.
[ENABLED | DISABLED]: Enables or disables the network interface.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Create a network interface:

=> CREATE NETWORK INTERFACE mynetwork ON v_vmart_node0001 WITH '123.4.5.6' PORT 456 ENABLED;

11.19 - CREATE NOTIFIER

Creates a push-based notifier to send event notifications and messages out of Vertica.

Syntax

CREATE NOTIFIER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] notifier-name ACTION 'notifier-type'
    [ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
    [ MAXPAYLOAD 'integer{K|M}' ]
    MAXMEMORYSIZE 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
    [ TLSMODE 'tls-mode' ]
    [ CA BUNDLE bundle-name [ CERTIFICATE certificate-name ] ]
    [ IDENTIFIED BY 'uuid' ]
    [ [NO] CHECK COMMITTED ]
    [ PARAMETERS 'adapter-params' ]

Parameters

IF NOT EXISTS

If an object with the same name exists, do not create it and proceed. If you omit this option and the object exists, Vertica generates a ROLLBACK error message. In both cases, the object is not created if it already exists.

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

notifier-name

This notifier's unique identifier.

ACTION 'notifier-type'

String, the type of notifier, one of the following:

URL, with the following format, that identifies one or more target Kafka servers:
```
kafka://kafka-server-ip-address:port-number
```
To enable failover when a Kafka server is unavailable, specify additional hosts in a comma-delimited list. For example:
```
kafka://192.0.2.0:9092,192.0.2.1:9092,192.0.2.2:9092
```
syslog: Notifications are sent to syslog. To use notifiers of this type, you must set the SyslogEnabled parameter:
```
=> ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT SET SyslogEnabled = 1
```
Events monitored by this notifier type are not logged to MONITORING_EVENTS nor vertica.log.

ENABLE | DISABLE

Specifies whether to enable or disable the notifier.

Default: ENABLE.

MAXPAYLOAD 'integer{K|M}'

The maximum size of the message, up to 10^9 bytes, specified in kilobytes or megabytes.

The following restrictions apply:

MAXPAYLOAD cannot be greater than MAXMEMORYSIZE.
If you configure syslog to send messages to a remote destination, ensure that MaxMessageSize (in /etc/rsyslog for rsyslog) is greater than or equal to MAXPAYLOAD.

Defaults:

Kafka: 1M
syslog: 1M

MAXMEMORYSIZE 'integer{K|M|G|T}'

The maximum size of the internal notifier, up to 2 TB, specified in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes.

MAXMEMORYSIZE must be greater than MAXPAYLOAD.

If the size of the message queue exceeds MAXMEMORYSIZE, the notifier drops excess messages.

TLSMODE 'tls-mode'

Specifies the type of connection between the notifier and an endpoint, one of the following:

disable (default): Plaintext connection.
verify-ca: Encrypted connection, and the server's certificate is verified as being signed by a trusted CA.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

CA BUNDLE bundle-name

Specifies a CA bundle. The certificates inside the bundle are used to validate the Kafka server's certificate if the TLSMODE requires it.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

CERTIFICATE certificate-name

Specifies a client certificate for validation by the endpoint.

If the notifier ACTION is 'syslog', this parameter has no effect; you must configure syslog for TLS to enable encryption for these Vertica syslog notifiers.

IDENTIFIED BY uuid

Specifies the notifier's unique identifier. If set, all the messages published by this notifier have this attribute.

[NO] CHECK COMMITTED

Specifies to wait for delivery confirmation before sending the next message in the queue.

Some messaging systems, like syslog, do not support delivery confirmation.

PARAMETERS 'adapter-params'

Specifies one or more optional adapter parameters that are passed as a string to the adapter. Adapter parameters apply only to the adapter associated with the notifier.

For Kafka notifiers, refer to Kafka and Vertica configuration settings.

For syslog notifiers, specify the severity of the event with eventSeverity=severity, where severity is one of the following:

0: Emergency
1: Alert
2: Critical
3: Error
4: Warning
5: Notice
6: Informational
7: Debug

Most syslog implementations, by default, do not log events with a severity level of 7. You must configure syslog to record these types of events.

Privileges

Superuser

Encrypted notifiers for SASL_SSL Kafka configurations

Use CREATE or ALTER to disable the notifier while setting the TLSMODE, certificate, and CA bundle.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier
    DISABLE
    TLSMODE 'verify-ca'
    CA BUNDLE ca_bundle2;

ALTER the notifier and set the proper rdkafka adapter parameters for SASL_SSL.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier PARAMETERS
  'sasl.username=user;sasl.password=password;sasl.mechanism=PLAIN;security.protocol=SASL_SSL';

Enable the notifier.

=> ALTER NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier ENABLE;

Examples

Kafka notifiers

Create a Kafka notifier:

=> CREATE NOTIFIER my_dc_notifier
    ACTION 'kafka://172.16.20.10:9092'
    MAXMEMORYSIZE '1G'
    IDENTIFIED BY 'f8b0278a-3282-4e1a-9c86-e0f3f042a971'
    NO CHECK COMMITTED;

Create a notifier with an adapter-specific parameter:

=> CREATE NOTIFIER my_notifier
    ACTION 'kafka://127.0.0.1:9092'
    MAXMEMORYSIZE '10M'
    PARAMETERS 'queue.buffering.max.ms=1000';

Create a notifier that uses an encrypted connection and verifies the Kafka server's certificate with the provided CA bundle:

=> CREATE NOTIFIER encrypted_notifier
    ACTION 'kafka://127.0.0.1:9092'
    MAXMEMORYSIZE '10M'
    TLSMODE 'verify-ca'
    CA BUNDLE ca_bundle;

Syslog notifiers

The following example creates a notifier that writes a message to syslog when the Data collector (DC) component LoginFailures updates:

Enable syslog notifiers for the current database:

=> ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT SET SyslogEnabled = 1;

Create and enable a syslog notifier v_syslog_notifier:

=> CREATE NOTIFIER v_syslog_notifier ACTION 'syslog'
    ENABLE
    MAXMEMORYSIZE '10M'
    IDENTIFIED BY 'f8b0278a-3282-4e1a-9c86-e0f3f042a971'
    PARAMETERS 'eventSeverity = 5';

Configure the syslog notifier v_syslog_notifier for updates to the LoginFailures DC component with SET_DATA_COLLECTOR_NOTIFY_POLICY:

=> SELECT SET_DATA_COLLECTOR_NOTIFY_POLICY('LoginFailures','v_syslog_notifier', 'Login failed!', true);

This notifier writes the following message to syslog (default location: /var/log/messages) when a user fails to authenticate as the user Bob:

Apr 25 16:04:58
vertica_host_01
vertica:
    Event Posted:
        Event Code:21
        Event Id:0
        Event Severity: Notice [5]
        PostedTimestamp: 2022-04-25 16:04:58.083063
        ExpirationTimestamp: 2022-04-25 16:04:58.083063
        EventCodeDescription: Notifier
        ProblemDescription: (Login failed!)
    {
       "_db":"VMart",
       "_schema":"v_internal",
       "_table":"dc_login_failures",
       "_uuid":"f8b0278a-3282-4e1a-9c86-e0f3f042a971",
       "authentication_method":"Reject",
       "client_authentication_name":"default: Reject",
       "client_hostname":"::1",
       "client_label":"",
       "client_os_user_name":"dbadmin",
       "client_pid":523418,
       "client_version":"",
       "database_name":"dbadmin",
       "effective_protocol":"3.8",
       "node_name":"v_vmart_node0001",
       "reason":"REJECT",
       "requested_protocol":"3.8",
       "ssl_client_fingerprint":"",
       "ssl_client_subject":"",
       "time":"2022-04-25 16:04:58.082568-05",
       "user_name":"Bob"
    }#012
    DatabaseName: VMart
    Hostname: vertica_host_01

For details on syslog notifiers, see Configuring reporting for syslog.

11.20 - CREATE PROCEDURE (external)

Adds an external procedure to Vertica.

Enterprise Mode only

Adds an external procedure to Vertica. See External procedures for more information.

Syntax

CREATE PROCEDURE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]procedure( [ argument-list ] )
    AS executable
    LANGUAGE 'EXTERNAL'
    USER OS-user

Parameters

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

This option cannot be used with OR REPLACE.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*procedure*

Specifies a name for the external procedure, where *procedure-name*conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

argument-list

A comma-delimited list of procedure arguments, where each argument is specified as follows:

[ argname ] argtype

argname optionally provides a descriptive name for this argument.
argtype must be one of the following data types supported byVertica:
- BIGINT
- BOOLEAN
- DECIMAL
- DOUBLE PRECISION
- FLOAT
- FLOAT8
- INT
- INT8
- INTEGER
- MONEY
- NUMBER
- NUMERIC
- REAL
- SMALLINT
- TINYINT
- VARCHAR

executable

The name of the executable program in the procedures directory, a string.

OS-user

The owner of the file, a string. The owner:

Cannot be root
Must have execute privileges on executable

Privileges

Superuser

System security

The procedure file must be owned by the database administrator (OS account) or by a user in the same group as the administrator. The procedure file must also have the set UID attribute enabled, and allow read and execute permission for the group.
External procedures that you create with CREATE PROCEDURE (external) are always run with Linux dbadmin privileges. If a dbadmin or pseudosuperuser grants a non-dbadmin permission to run a procedure using GRANT (procedure), be aware that the non-dbadmin user runs the procedure with full Linux dbadmin privileges.

Examples

The following example shows how to create a procedure named helloplanet for the procedure file helloplanet.sh. This file accepts one VARCHAR argument.

Create the file:

#!/bin/bash
echo "hello planet argument: $1" >> /tmp/myprocedure.log

Create the procedure with the following SQL:

=> CREATE PROCEDURE helloplanet(arg1 varchar) AS 'helloplanet.sh' LANGUAGE 'external' USER 'dbadmin';

11.21 - CREATE PROCEDURE (stored)

Creates a stored procedure.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    [[database.]schema.]procedure( [ parameter-list ] )
    [ LANGUAGE 'language-name' ]
    [ SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER } ]
    AS $$ source $$;

Parameters

OR REPLACE

If a procedure with the same name already exists, replace it. Users and roles with privileges on the original procedure retain these privileges on the new procedure.

This option cannot be used with IF NOT EXISTS.

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

This option cannot be used with OR REPLACE.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*procedure*

The name of the stored procedure, where *procedure-name*conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

parameter-list

A comma-delimited list of formal parameters, each specified as follows:

[ parameter-mode ] parameter-name parameter-type

parameter-name: the name of the parameter.
parameter-type: Any SQL data type, with the following exceptions:
- DECIMAL
- NUMERIC
- NUMBER
- MONEY
- UUID
- GEOGRAPHY
- GEOMETRY
- Complex types

language-name

Specifies the language of the procedure source, one of the following (both options refer to PLvSQL; PLpgSQL is included to maintain compatibility with existing scripts):

PLvSQL
PLpgSQL

Default: PLvSQL

SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }

Determines whose privileges to use when the procedure is called and executes it as if the user is one of the following:

DEFINER: User who defined the procedure
INVOKER: User who called the procedure

A procedure with SECURITY DEFINER effectively executes the procedure as that user, so changes to the database appear to be performed by the procedure's definer rather than its caller.

Caution

Improper use of SECURITY DEFINER can lead to the confused deputy problem and introduce vulnerabilities into your system like SQL injection.

For more information, see Executing stored procedures.

source

The procedure source code. For details, see Scope and structure.

Privileges

Non-superuser: CREATE on the procedure's schema

Examples

For more complex examples, see Stored procedures: use cases and examples

This procedure prints its arguments:

=> CREATE PROCEDURE raiseXY(IN x INT, y VARCHAR) LANGUAGE PLvSQL AS $$
BEGIN
    RAISE NOTICE 'x = %', x;
    RAISE NOTICE 'y = %', y;
    -- some processing statements
END;
$$;

CALL raiseXY(3, 'some string');
NOTICE 2005:  x = 3
NOTICE 2005:  y = some string

For more information on RAISE NOTICE, see Errors and diagnostics.

11.22 - CREATE PROFILE

Creates a profile that controls password requirements for users.

Syntax

CREATE PROFILE profile-name LIMIT [
    PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LIFE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME setting
    FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS setting
    PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX setting
    PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME setting
    PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LENGTH setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_UPPERCASE_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_LOWERCASE_LETTERS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_DIGITS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS setting
    PASSWORD_MIN_CHAR_CHANGE setting ]

Parameters

Note

All parameters that are not explicitly set in a new profile are set to default, and inherit their settings from the default profile.

Name	Description
`name`	The name of the profile to create, where `name`conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. To modify the default profile, set `name` to `default`. For example: `ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS 1;`
`PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days a password remains valid. `UNLIMITED`: Password remains valid indefinitely. After your password's lifetime and grace period expire, you must change your password on your next login, if you have not done so already.
`PASSWORD_MIN_LIFE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: Default: 0 ≥ 1: The number of days a password must be set before it can be changed `UNLIMITED`: Password can be reset at any time.
`PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days a password can be used after it expires. `UNLIMITED`: No grace period.
`FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of consecutive failed login attempts Vertica allows before locking your account. `UNLIMITED`: Vertica allows an unlimited number of failed login attempts.
`PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME`	≥ 1: The number of days (units configurable with PasswordLockTimeUnit) a user's account is locked after `FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS` number of login attempts. The account is automatically unlocked when the lock time elapses. `UNLIMITED`: Account remains indefinitely inaccessible until a superuser manually unlocks it.
`PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of times you must change your password before you can reuse an earlier password. `UNLIMITED`: You can reuse an earlier password without any intervening changes.
`PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME`	Set to an integer value, one of the following: ≥ 1: The number of days that must pass after a password is set before you can reuse it. `UNLIMITED`: You can reuse an earlier password immediately.
`PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`	The maximum number of characters allowed in a password, one of the following: Integer between 8 and 512, inclusive
`PASSWORD_MIN_LENGTH`	The minimum number of characters required in a password, one of the following: 0 to `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH` `UNLIMITED`: Minimum of `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`
`PASSWORD_MIN_LETTERS`	Minimum number of letters (a-z and A-Z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_UPPERCASE_LETTERS`	Minimum number of uppercase letters (A-Z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_LOWERCASE_LETTERS`	Minimum number of lowercase letters (a-z) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_DIGITS`	Minimum number of digits (0-9) that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_SYMBOLS`	Minimum number of symbols—printable non-letter and non-digit characters such as $, #, @—that must be in a password, one of the following: Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)
`PASSWORD_MIN_CHAR_CHANGE`	Minimum number of characters that must be different from the previous password: Default: 0 Integer between 0 and `PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH`, inclusive `UNLIMITED`: 0 (no minimum)

Privileges

Superuser

Profile settings and client authentication

The following profile settings affect client authentication methods, such as LDAP or GSS:

FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME

All other profile settings are used only by Vertica to manage its passwords.

Examples

=> CREATE PROFILE sample_profile LIMIT PASSWORD_MAX_LENGTH 20;

11.23 - CREATE PROJECTION

Creates metadata for a in the Vertica catalog.

Creates metadata for a projection in the Vertica catalog. Vertica supports four types of projections:

Standard projection: Stores collection of table data in a format that optimizes execution of certain queries on that table.
Live aggregate projection: Stores the grouped results of queries that invoke aggregate functions (such as SUM) on table columns.
Top-K projection: Stores the top k rows from partitions of selected rows.
UDTF projection: Stores newly-loaded data after it is transformed and/or aggregated by user-defined transformation functions (UDTFs).

Complex data types have additional restrictions when used within a projection:

Each projection must include at least one column that is a primitive type or native array.
An AS SELECT clause can use a complex-type column, but any other expression must be of a scalar type or native array.
The ORDER BY, PARTITION BY, and GROUP BY clauses cannot use complex types.
If a projection does not include an ORDER BY or segmentation clause, Vertica uses only the primitive columns from the select list to order or segment data.
Projection columns cannot be complex types returned from functions such as ARRAY_CAT.
TopK and UDTF projections do not support complex types.

11.23.1 - Encoding types

Vertica supports various encoding and compression types, specified by the following ENCODING parameter arguments:.

Vertica supports various encoding and compression types, specified by the following ENCODING parameter arguments:

AUTO (default)
BLOCK_DICT
BLOCKDICT_COMP
BZIP_COMP
COMMONDELTA_COMP
DELTARANGE_COMP
DELTAVAL
GCDDELTA
GZIP_COMP
RLE
Zstandard Compression

Note

Vertica supports the following encoding for numeric data types:

Precision ≤ 18: AUTO, BLOCK_DICT, BLOCKDICT_COMP, COMMONDELTA_COMP, DELTAVAL, GCDDELTA, and RLE
Precision > 18: AUTO, BLOCK_DICT, BLOCKDICT_COMP, RLE

You can set encoding types on a projection column when you create the projection. You can also change the encoding of one or more projection columns for a given table with ALTER TABLE...ALTER COLUMN.

AUTO (default)

AUTO encoding is ideal for sorted, many-valued columns such as primary keys. It is also suitable for general purpose applications for which no other encoding or compression scheme is applicable. Therefore, it serves as the default if no encoding/compression is specified.

Column data type	Default encoding type
BINARY/VARBINARY BOOLEAN CHAR/VARCHAR FLOAT	Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer-based (LZO) compression
DATE/TIME/TIMESTAMP INTEGER INTERVAL	Compression scheme based on the delta between consecutive column values.

The CPU requirements for this type are relatively small. In the worst case, data might expand by eight percent (8%) for LZO and twenty percent (20%) for integer data.

BLOCK_DICT

For each block of storage, Vertica compiles distinct column values into a dictionary and then stores the dictionary and a list of indexes to represent the data block.

BLOCK_DICT is ideal for few-valued, unsorted columnswhere saving space is more important than encoding speed. Certain kinds of data, such as stock prices, are typically few-valued within a localized area after the data is sorted, such as by stock symbol and timestamp, and are good candidates for BLOCK_DICT. By contrast, long CHAR/VARCHAR columns are not good candidates for BLOCK_DICT encoding.

CHAR and VARCHAR columns that contain 0x00 or 0xFF characters should not be encoded with BLOCK_DICT. Also, BINARY/VARBINARY columns do not support BLOCK_DICT encoding.

BLOCK_DICT encoding requires significantly higher CPU usage than default encoding schemes. The maximum data expansion is eight percent (8%).

BLOCKDICT_COMP

This encoding type is similar to BLOCK_DICT except dictionary indexes are entropy coded. This encoding type requires significantly more CPU time to encode and decode and has a poorer worst-case performance. However, if the distribution of values is extremely skewed, using BLOCK_DICT_COMP encoding can lead to space savings.

BZIP_COMP

BZIP_COMP encoding uses the bzip2 compression algorithm on the block contents. See bzip web site for more information. This algorithm results in higher compression than the automatic LZO and gzip encoding; however, it requires more CPU time to compress. This algorithm is best used on large string columns such as VARCHAR, VARBINARY, CHAR, and BINARY. Choose this encoding type when you are willing to trade slower load speeds for higher data compression.

COMMONDELTA_COMP

This compression scheme builds a dictionary of all deltas in the block and then stores indexes into the delta dictionary using entropy coding.

This scheme is ideal for sorted FLOAT and INTEGER-based (DATE/TIME/TIMESTAMP/INTERVAL) data columns with predictable sequences and only occasional sequence breaks, such as timestamps recorded at periodic intervals or primary keys. For example, the following sequence compresses well: 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400. The following sequence does not compress well: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55.

If delta distribution is excellent, columns can be stored in less than one bit per row. However, this scheme is very CPU intensive. If you use this scheme on data with arbitrary deltas, it can cause significant data expansion.

DELTARANGE_COMP

This compression scheme is primarily used for floating-point data; it stores each value as a delta from the previous one.

This scheme is ideal for many-valued FLOAT columns that are sorted or confined to a range. Do not use this scheme for unsorted columns that contain NULL values, as the storage cost for representing a NULL value is high. This scheme has a high cost for both compression and decompression.

To determine if DELTARANGE_COMP is suitable for a particular set of data, compare it to other schemes. Be sure to use the same sort order as the projection, and select sample data that will be stored consecutively in the database.

DELTAVAL

For INTEGER and DATE/TIME/TIMESTAMP/INTERVAL columns, data is recorded as a difference from the smallest value in the data block. This encoding has no effect on other data types.

DELTAVAL is best used for many-valued, unsorted integer or integer-based columns. CPU requirements for this encoding type are minimal, and data never expands.

GCDDELTA

For INTEGER and DATE/TIME/TIMESTAMP/INTERVAL columns, and NUMERIC columns with 18 or fewer digits, data is recorded as the difference from the smallest value in the data block divided by the greatest common divisor (GCD) of all entries in the block. This encoding has no effect on other data types.

ENCODING GCDDELTA is best used for many-valued, unsorted, integer columns or integer-based columns, when the values are a multiple of a common factor. For example, timestamps are stored internally in microseconds, so data that is only precise to the millisecond are all multiples of 1000. The CPU requirements for decoding GCDDELTA encoding are minimal, and the data never expands, but GCDDELTA may take more encoding time than DELTAVAL.

GZIP_COMP

This encoding type uses the gzip compression algorithm. See gzip web site for more information. This algorithm results in better compression than the automatic LZO compression, but lower compression than BZIP_COMP. It requires more CPU time to compress than LZO but less CPU time than BZIP_COMP. This algorithm is best used on large string columns such as VARCHAR, VARBINARY, CHAR, and BINARY. Use this encoding when you want a better compression than LZO, but at less CPU time than bzip2.

RLE

RLE (run length encoding) replaces sequences (runs) of identical values with a single pair that contains the value and number of occurrences. Therefore, it is best used for low cardinality columns that are present in the ORDER BY clause of a projection.

The Vertica execution engine processes RLE encoding run-by-run and the Vertica optimizer gives it preference. Use it only when run length is large, such as when low-cardinality columns are sorted.

Zstandard compression

Vertica supports three ZSTD compression types:

ZSTD_COMP provides high compression ratios. This encoding type has a higher compression than gzip. Use this when you want a better compression than gzip. For general use cases, use this or the ZSTD_FAST_COMP encoding type.
ZSTD_FAST_COMP uses the fastest compression level that the zstd library provides. It is the fastest encoding type of the zstd library, but takes up more space than the other two encoding types. For general use cases, use this or the ZSTD_COMP encoding type.
ZSTD_HIGH_COMP offers the best compression in the zstd library. It is slower than the other two encoding types. Use this type when you need the best compression, with slower CPU time.

11.23.2 - GROUPED clause

Groups two or more columns into a single disk file.

Enterprise Mode only

Groups two or more columns into a single disk file. This minimizes file I/O for work loads that:

Read a large percentage of the columns in a table.
Perform single row look-ups.
Query against many small columns.
Frequently update data in these columns.

If you have data that is always accessed together and it is not used in predicates, you can increase query performance by grouping these columns. Once grouped, queries can no longer independently retrieve from disk all records for an individual column independent of the other columns within the group.

Note

RLE encoding is reduced when an RLE column is grouped with one or more non-RLE columns.

When grouping columns you can:

Group some of the columns:

(a, GROUPED(b, c), d)
Group all of the columns:

(GROUPED(a, b, c, d))
Create multiple groupings in the same projection:

(GROUPED(a, b), GROUPED(c, d))

Note

Vertica performs dynamic column grouping. For example, to provide better read and write efficiency for small loads, Vertica ignores any projection-defined column grouping (or lack thereof) and groups all columns together by default.

Grouping correlated columns

The following example shows how to group highly correlated columns bid and ask. The stock column is stored separately.

=> CREATE TABLE trades (stock CHAR(5), bid INT, ask INT);
=> CREATE PROJECTION tradeproj (stock ENCODING RLE,
   GROUPED(bid ENCODING DELTAVAL, ask))
   AS (SELECT * FROM trades) KSAFE 1;

The following example show how to create a projection that uses expressions in the column definition. The projection contains two integer columns a and b, and a third column product_value that stores the product of a and b:

=> CREATE TABLE values (a INT, b INT


=> CREATE PROJECTION product (a, b, product_value) AS
   SELECT a, b, a*b FROM values ORDER BY a KSAFE;

11.23.3 - Hash segmentation clause

A general SQL expression.

Specifies how to segment projection data for distribution across all cluster nodes. You can specify segmentation for a table and a projection. If a table definition specifies segmentation, Vertica uses it for that table's auto-projections.

It is strongly recommended that you use Vertica's built-in HASH function, which distributes data evenly across the cluster, and facilitates optimal query execution.

Syntax

SEGMENTED BY expression ALL NODES [ OFFSET offset ]

Parameters

SEGMENTED BY expression

A general SQL expression. Hash segmentation is the preferred method of segmentation. Vertica recommends using its built-in HASH function, whose arguments resolve to table columns. If you use an expression other than HASH, Vertica issues a warning.

The segmentation expression should specify columns with a large number of unique data values and acceptable skew in their data distribution. In general, primary key columns that meet these criteria are good candidates for hash segmentation.

For details, see Expression Requirements below.

ALL NODES

Automatically distributes data evenly across all nodes when the projection is created. Node ordering is fixed.

OFFSET offset

A zero-based offset that indicates on which node to start segmentation distribution.

This option is not valid for CREATE TABLE and CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.

Important

If you create a projection for a table with the OFFSET option, be sure to create enough copies of each projection segment to satisfy system K-safety; otherwise, Vertica regards the projection as unsafe and cannot use it to query the table.

You can ensure K-safety compliance when you create projections by combining OFFSET and KSAFE options in the CREATE PROJECTION statement. On executing this statement, Vertica automatically creates the necessary number of projection copies.

Expression requirements

A segmentation expression must specify table columns as they are defined in the source table. Projection column names are not supported.

The following restrictions apply to segmentation expressions:

All leaf expressions must be constants or column references to a column in the CREATE PROJECTION 's SELECT list.
The expression must return the same value over the life of the database.
Aggregate functions are not allowed.
The expression must return non-negative INTEGER values in the range 0 <= x < 2⁶³, and values are generally distributed uniformly over that range.

Note
If the expression produces a value outside the expected range—for example, a negative value—no error occurs, and the row is added to the projection's first segment.

Examples

The following CREATE PROJECTION statement creates projection public.employee_dimension_super. It specifies to include all columns in table public.employee_dimension. The hash segmentation clause invokes the Vertica HASH function to segment projection data on the column employee_key; it also includes the ALL NODES clause, which specifies to distribute projection data evenly across all nodes in the cluster:

=> CREATE PROJECTION public.employee_dimension_super
    AS SELECT * FROM public.employee_dimension
    ORDER BY employee_key
    SEGMENTED BY hash(employee_key) ALL NODES;

11.23.4 - Unsegmented clause

Specifies to distribute identical copies of table or projection data on all nodes across the cluster.

Specifies to distribute identical copies of table or projection data on all nodes across the cluster. Use this clause to facilitate distributed query execution on tables and projections that are too small to benefit from segmentation.

Vertica uses the same name to identify all instances of an unsegmented projection. For more information about projection name conventions, see Projection naming.

Syntax

UNSEGMENTED ALL NODES

Examples

This example creates an unsegmented projection for table store.store_dimension:


=> CREATE PROJECTION store.store_dimension_proj (storekey, name, city, state)
             AS SELECT store_key, store_name, store_city, store_state
             FROM store.store_dimension
             UNSEGMENTED ALL NODES;
CREATE PROJECTION

=>  SELECT anchor_table_name anchor_table, projection_name, node_name
      FROM PROJECTIONS WHERE projection_basename='store_dimension_proj';
  anchor_table   |   projection_name    |    node_name
-----------------+----------------------+------------------
 store_dimension | store_dimension_proj | v_vmart_node0001
 store_dimension | store_dimension_proj | v_vmart_node0002
 store_dimension | store_dimension_proj | v_vmart_node0003
(3 rows)

11.24 - CREATE RESOURCE POOL

Creates a custom resource pool and sets one or more resource pool parameters.

Syntax

CREATE RESOURCE POOL pool-name [ FOR subcluster-spec ] [ parameter-name setting ]...

Parameters

pool-name

The name of the resource pool. Built-in pool names cannot be used for user-defined pools.

Note

If you specify a resource pool name with uppercase letters, Vertica converts them to lowercase letters.

FOR subcluster-spec

Eon Mode only, specifies to associate this resource pool with a subcluster, where subcluster-spec is one of the following:

SUBCLUSTER subcluster-name: Creates the resource pool for an existing subcluster. You cannot be connected to this subcluster, otherwise Vertica returns an error.
CURRENT SUBCLUSTER: Creates the resource pool for the subcluster that you are connected to.

If omitted, the resource pool is created globally. Attempts to create a global resource pool with the same name as a subcluster-specific resource pool return an error.

parameter-name

The parameter to set, listed below.

setting

The value to set on parameter-name. To reset this parameter to its default value, specify DEFAULT.

Note

CASCADE TO

Specifies a secondary resource pool for executing queries that exceed the [RUNTIMECAP](#RUNTIMECAP) setting of their assigned resource pool:

CASCADE TO secondary-pool

CPUAFFINITYMODE

Specifies whether the resource pool has exclusive or shared use of the CPUs specified in [CPUAFFINITYSET](#CPUAFFINITYSET):

CPUAFFINITYMODE { SHARED | EXCLUSIVE | ANY }

SHARED: Queries that run in this pool share its CPUAFFINITYSET CPUs with other Vertica resource pools.
EXCLUSIVE: Dedicates CPUAFFINITYSET CPUs to this resource pool only, and excludes other Vertica resource pools. If CPUAFFINITYSET is set as a percentage, then that percentage of CPU resources available to Vertica is assigned solely for this resource pool.
ANY (default): Queries in this resource pool can run on any CPU, invalid if CPUAFFINITYSET designates CPU resources.

Important

CPUAFFINITYMODE and CPUAFFINITYSET must be set together in the same statement.

CPUAFFINITYSET

Specifies which CPUs are available to this resource pool. All cluster nodes must have the same number of CPUs. The CPU resources assigned to this set are unavailable to general resource pools.

CPUAFFINITYSET {
  'cpu-index[,...]'
| 'cpu-indexi-cpu-indexn'
| 'integer%'
| NONE
}

cpu-index[,...]: Dedicates one or more comma-delimited CPUs to this pool.
**``*cpu-indexi*-*cpu-index*n**: Dedicates a range of contiguous CPU indexes to this pool
integer%: Percentage of all available CPUs to use for this pool. Vertica rounds this percentage down to include whole CPU units.
NONE (default): No affinity set is assigned to this resource pool. The queries associated with this pool are executed on any CPU.

Important

CPUAFFINITYSET and CPUAFFINITYMODE must be set together in the same statement.

EXECUTIONPARALLELISM

Limits the number of threads used to process any single query issued in this resource pool.

EXECUTIONPARALLELISM { limit | AUTO }

limit: An integer value between 1 and the number of cores. Setting this parameter to a reduced value increases throughput of short queries issued in the pool, especially if the queries are executed concurrently.
AUTO or 0 (default): Vertica calculates the setting from the number of cores, available memory, and amount of data in the system. Unless memory is limited, or the amount of data is very small, Vertica sets this parameter to the number of cores on the node.

MAXCONCURRENCY

Sets the maximum number of concurrent execution slots available to the resource pool, across the cluster:

MAXCONCURRENCY { integer | NONE }

NONE (default) specifies unlimited number of concurrent execution slots.

MAXMEMORYSIZE

The maximum size per node the resource pool can grow by borrowing memory from the GENERAL pool:

MAXMEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
| NONE
}

integer%: Percentage of total memory
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes
NONE (default): Unlimited, pool can borrow any amount of available memory from the GENERAL pool.

MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE

The maximum amount of memory that this pool can allocate at runtime to process a query. If the query requires more memory than this setting, Vertica stops execution and returns an error.

Set this parameter as follows:

MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
| NONE
}

integer%: Percentage of MAXMEMORYSIZE for this pool.
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes, up to the value of MAXMEMORYSIZE.
NONE (default): Unlimited; pool can borrow any amount of available memory from the GENERAL pool, within the limits set by MAXMEMORYSIZE.

MEMORYSIZE

The amount of total memory available to the Vertica resource manager that is allocated to this pool per node:

MEMORYSIZE {
  'integer%'
| 'integer{K|M|G|T}'
}

integer%: Percentage of total memory
integer{K|M|G|T}: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes

Default: 0%. No memory allocated, the resource pool borrows memory from the GENERAL pool.

PLANNEDCONCURRENCY

Specifies the preferred number queries to execute concurrently in the resource pool. This setting applies to the entire cluster:

PLANNEDCONCURRENCY { num-queries | AUTO }

num-queries: Integer value ≥ 1, specifies the preferred number of concurrently executing queries. When possible, query resource budgets are limited to allow this level of concurrent execution.
AUTO (default): Value is calculated automatically at query runtime. Vertica sets this parameter to the lower of these two calculations, but never less than 4:
- Number of logical cores
- Memory divided by 2GB

Tip

Change this parameter only after evaluating performance over a period of time.

PRIORITY

Specifies priority of queries in this pool when they compete for resources in the GENERAL pool:

PRIORITY { integer | HOLD }

integer: A negative or positive integer value, where higher numbers denote higher priority:
- User-defined pools: -100 to 100
- Built-in pools SYSQUERY, RECOVERY, and TM: -110 to 110
HOLD: Sets priority to -999. Queries in this pool are queued until [QUEUETIMEOUT](#QUEUETIMEOUT) is reached.

Default: 0

QUEUETIMEOUT

Species how long a request can wait for pool resources before it is rejected:

QUEUETIMEOUT { integer | NONE }

integer: Maximum wait time in seconds
NONE: No maximum wait time, request can be queued indefinitely.

**Default:** 300 seconds

RUNTIMECAP

Prevents runaway queries by setting the maximum time a query in the pool can execute. If a query exceeds this setting, it tries to cascade to a secondary pool:

RUNTIMECAP { 'interval' | NONE }

interval: Maximum wait time expressed in the following format:
NONE (default): No time limit on queries running in this pool.

To specify a value in days, provide an integer value. To provide a value less than one day, provide the interval in the format hours:minutes:seconds. For example a value of 1:30:00 would equal 90 minutes.

If the user or session also has a RUNTIMECAP, the shorter limit applies.

RUNTIMEPRIORITY

Determines how the resource manager should prioritize dedication of run-time resources (CPU, I/O bandwidth) to queries already running in this resource pool:

RUNTIMEPRIORITY { HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW }

Default: MEDIUM

RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD

RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD seconds

Default: 2

SINGLEINITIATOR

By default, set to false for backward compatibility. Do not change this setting.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example shows how to create a resource pool with MEMORYSIZE of 1800 MB.

=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool MEMORYSIZE '1800M' PRIORITY 10;
CREATE RESOURCE POOL

Assuming the CEO report user already exists, associate this user with the preceding resource pool using ALTER USER statement.

=> GRANT USAGE ON RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool to ceo_user;
GRANT PRIVILEGE
=> ALTER USER ceo_user RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool;
ALTER USER

Issue the following command to confirm that the ceo_user is associated with the ceo_pool:

=> SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_name ='ceo_user';
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----+--------------------------------------------------
user_id           | 45035996273733402
user_name         | ceo_user
is_super_user     | f
profile_name      | default
is_locked         | f
lock_time         |
resource_pool     | ceo_pool
memory_cap_kb     | unlimited
temp_space_cap_kb | unlimited
run_time_cap      | unlimited
all_roles         |
default_roles     |
search_path       | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal

This exampleshows how to create and designate secondary resource pools.

=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL rp3 RUNTIMECAP '5 minutes';
=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL rp2 RUNTIMECAP '3 minutes' CASCADE TO rp3;
=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL rp1 RUNTIMECAP '1 minute' CASCADE TO rp2;
=> SET SESSION RESOURCE_POOL = rp1;

This Eon Mode example confirms the current subcluster name, then creates a resource pool for the current subcluster:

=> SELECT CURRENT_SUBCLUSTER_NAME();
 CURRENT_SUBCLUSTER_NAME
-------------------------
 analytics_1
(1 row)

=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL dashboard FOR SUBCLUSTER analytics_1;
CREATE RESOURCE POOL

11.24.1 - Built-in pools

Vertica is preconfigured with built-in pools for various system tasks:.

Vertica is preconfigured with built-in pools for various system tasks:

GENERAL
BLOBDATA
DBD
JVM
METADATA
RECOVERY
REFRESH
SYSQUERY
TM

For details on resource pool settings, see ALTER RESOURCE POOL.

GENERAL

Catch-all pool used to answer requests that have no specific resource pool associated with them. Any memory left over after memory has been allocated to all other pools is automatically allocated to the GENERAL pool. The MEMORYSIZE parameter of the GENERAL pool is undefined (variable), however, the GENERAL pool must be at least 1GB in size and cannot be smaller than 25% of the memory in the system.

The MAXMEMORYSIZE parameter of the GENERAL pool has special meaning; when set as a % value it represents the percent of total physical RAM on the machine that the Resource manager can use for queries. By default, it is set to 95%. MAXMEMORYSIZE governs the total amount of RAM that the Resource Manager can use for queries, regardless of whether it is set to a percent or to a specific value (for example, '10GB').

User-defined pools can borrow memory from the GENERAL pool to satisfy requests that need extra memory until the MAXMEMORYSIZE parameter of that pool is reached. If the pool is configured to have MEMORYSIZE equal to MAXMEMORYSIZE, it cannot borrow any memory from the GENERAL pool. When multiple pools request memory from the GENERAL pool, they are granted access to general pool memory according to their priority setting. In this manner, the GENERAL pool provides some elasticity to account for point-in-time deviations from normal usage of individual resource pools.

Vertica recommends reducing the GENERAL pool MAXMEMORYSIZE if your catalog uses over 5 percent of overall memory. You can calculate what percentage of GENERAL pool memory the catalog uses as follows:

=> WITH memory_use_metadata AS (SELECT node_name, memory_size_kb FROM resource_pool_status WHERE pool_name='metadata'),
        memory_use_general  AS (SELECT node_name, memory_size_kb FROM resource_pool_status WHERE pool_name='general')
   SELECT m.node_name, ((m.memory_size_kb/g.memory_size_kb) * 100)::NUMERIC(4,2) pct_catalog_usage
   FROM memory_use_metadata m JOIN memory_use_general g ON m.node_name = g.node_name;
    node_name     | pct_catalog_usage
------------------+-------------------
 v_vmart_node0001 |              0.41
 v_vmart_node0002 |              0.37
 v_vmart_node0003 |              0.36
(3 rows)

BLOBDATA

Controls resource usage for in-memory blobs. In-memory blobs are objects used by a number of the machine learning SQL functions. You should adjust this pool if you plan on processing large machine learning workloads. For information about tuning the pool, see Tuning for machine learning.

If a query using the BLOBDATA pool exceeds its query planning budget, then it spills to disk. For more information about tuning your query budget, see Query budgeting.

DBD

Controls resource usage for Database Designer processing. Use of this pool is enabled by configuration parameter DBDUseOnlyDesignerResourcePool, by default set to false.

By default, QUEUETIMEOUT is set to 0 for this pool. When resources are under pressure, this setting causes the DBD to time out immediately, and not be queued to run later. Database Designer then requests the user to run the designer later, when resources are more available.

Important

Do not change QUEUETIMEOUT or any DBD resource pool parameters.

JVM

Controls Java Virtual Machine resources used by Java User Defined Extensions. When a Java UDx starts the JVM, it draws resources from the those specified in the JVM resource pool. Vertica does not reserve memory in advance for the JVM pool. When needed, the pool can expand to 10% of physical memory or 2 GB of memory, whichever is smaller. If you are buffering large amounts of data, you may need to increase the size of the JVM resource pool.

You can adjust the size of your JVM resource pool by changing its configuration settings. Unlike other resource pools, the JVM resource pool does not release resources until a session is closed.

METADATA

Tracks memory allocated for catalog data and storage data structures. This pool increases in size as Vertica metadata consumes additional resources. Memory assigned to the METADATA pool is subtracted from the GENERAL pool, enabling the Vertica resource manager to make more effective use of available resources. If the METADATA resource pool reaches 75% of the GENERAL pool, Vertica stops updating METADATA memory size and displays a warning message in vertica.log. You can enable or disable the METADATA pool with configuration parameter EnableMetadataMemoryTracking.

If you created a "dummy" or "swap" resource pool to protect resources for use by your operating system, you can replace that pool with the METADATA pool.

Users cannot change the parameters of the METADATA resource pool.

RECOVERY

Used by queries issued when recovering another node of the database. The MAXCONCURRENCY parameter is used to determine how many concurrent recovery threads to use. You can use the PLANNEDCONCURRENCY parameter (by default, set to twice the MAXCONCURRENCY) to tune how to apportion memory to recovery queries.

See Tuning for recovery.

REFRESH

Used by queries issued by PROJECTION_REFRESHES operations. Refresh does not currently use multiple concurrent threads; thus, changes to the MAXCONCURRENCY values have no effect.

See Scenario: Tuning for Refresh.

SYSQUERY

Runs queries against all system monitoring and catalog tables. The SYSQUERY pool reserves resources for system table queries so that they are never blocked by contention for available resources.

TM

The Tuple Mover (TM) pool. You can set the MAXCONCURRENCY parameter for the TM pool to allow concurrent TM operations.

See Tuning tuple mover pool settings.

11.24.2 - Built-in resource pools configuration

To view the current and default configuration for built-in resource pools, query the system tables RESOURCE_POOLS and RESOURCE_POOL_DEFAULTS, respectively.

To view the current and default configuration for built-in resource pools, query the system tables RESOURCE_POOLS and RESOURCE_POOL_DEFAULTS, respectively. The sections below provide this information, and also indicate which built-in pool parameters can be modified with ALTER RESOURCE POOL:

GENERAL
BLOBDATA
DBD
JVM
METADATA
RECOVERY
REFRESH
SYSQUERY
TM

GENERAL

Parameter	Settings
MEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
MAXMEMORYSIZE	The maximum memory to use for all resource pools, one of the following: MAXMEMORYSIZE { 'integer%' \| 'integer{K\|M\|G\|T}' } `integer``%`: Percentage of total system RAM, must be ≥ 25% Caution Setting this parameter to 100% generates a warning of potential swapping. `integer``{K\|M\|G\|T}`: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes, must be ≥ 1GB For example, if your node has 64GB of memory, setting MAXMEMORYSIZE to 50% allocates half of available memory. Thus, the maximum amount of memory available to all resource pools is 32GB. Default: 95%
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	The maximum amount of memory allocated by this pool to process any query: MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE { 'integer%' \| 'integer{K\|M\|G\|T}' } `integer``%`: Percentage of `MAXMEMORYSIZE` for this pool. `integer``{K\|M\|G\|T}`: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	Default: AUTO
PRIORITY	Default: 0
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	Default: Medium
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	Default: 2
QUEUETIMEOUT	Default: 00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	Prevents runaway queries by setting the maximum time a query in the pool can execute. If a query exceeds this setting, it tries to cascade to a secondary pool: `RUNTIMECAP { '``interval``' \| NONE }` `interval`: An interval of 1 minute or 100 seconds; should not exceed one year. `NONE` (default): No time limit on queries running in this pool.
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	The number of concurrent queries you expect to run against the resource pool, an integer ≥ 4. If set to AUTO (default), Vertica automatically sets PLANNEDCONCURRENCY at query runtime, choosing the lower of these two values: Number of cores Memory/2GB Important In systems with a large number of cores, the default AUTO setting of `PLANNEDCONCURRENCY` is liable to be too low. In this case, set the parameter to the actual number of cores: `ALTER RESOURCE POOL general PLANNEDCONCURRENCY` `#cores``;` Default: AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	Default: Empty Caution Must be set ≥ 1, otherwise Vertica generates a warning that system queries might be unable to execute.
SINGLEINITIATOR	Default: False. Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Default: Empty
CPUAFFINITYMODE	Default: ANY
CASCADETO	Default: Empty

BLOBDATA

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	10
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM
PRIORITY
RUNTIMEPRIORITY
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD
QUEUETIMEOUT
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	Empty / cannot be set
SINGLEINITIATOR
CPUAFFINITYSET
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

DBD

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	Unlimited
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	0
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	MEDIUM
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	0
QUEUETIMEOUT	0
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
`MAXCONCURRENCY`	NONE
SINGLEINITIATOR	True Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

JVM

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	10% of memory or 2 GB, whichever is smaller
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	0
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	MEDIUM
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	2
QUEUETIMEOUT	00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	Empty / cannot be set
SINGLEINITIATOR	FALSE Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

METADATA

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	Unlimited
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	108
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	HIGH
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	0
QUEUETIMEOUT	0
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	0
SINGLEINITIATOR	FALSE. Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

RECOVERY

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	The maximum size per node the resource pool can grow by borrowing memory from the `GENERAL` pool: `MAXMEMORYSIZE { 'integer%'`	'integer{K\|M\|G\|T}'	NONE } `integer``%`: Percentage of total memory `integer``{K\|M\|G\|T}`: Amount of memory in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes `NONE` (default): Unlimited, pool can borrow any amount of available memory from the `GENERAL` pool. Caution Setting must resolve to ≥ 25%. Otherwise, Vertica generates a warning that system queries might be unable to execute.
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	One of the following: Enterprise Mode: 107 Eon Mode: 110 Caution Change these settings only under guidance from Vertica technical support.
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	MEDIUM
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	60
QUEUETIMEOUT	00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	By default, set as follows: `(``numberCores` `/ 2) + 1` Thus, given a system with four cores, MAXCONCURRENCY has a default setting of 3. Note 0 or NONE (unlimited) are invalid settings.
SINGLEINITIATOR	True. Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

REFRESH

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	0%
MAXMEMORYSIZE	NONE (unlimited)
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	-10
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	MEDIUM
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	60
QUEUETIMEOUT	00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	NONE (unlimited)
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO (4)
MAXCONCURRENCY	3 This parameter must be set ≥ 1.
SINGLEINITIATOR	True. Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

SYSQUERY

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	1G Caution Setting must resolve to ≥ 20M, otherwise Vertica generates a warning that system queries might be unable to execute, and diagnosing problems might be difficult.
MAXMEMORYSIZE	Empty (unlimited)
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	110
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	HIGH
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	0
QUEUETIMEOUT	00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	AUTO
MAXCONCURRENCY	Empty Caution Must be set ≥ 1, otherwise Vertica generates a warning that system queries might be unable to execute.
SINGLEINITIATOR	False. Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE
CASCADETO

TM

Parameter	Default Setting
MEMORYSIZE	5% (of the GENERAL pool's MAXMEMORYSIZE setting) + 2GB Important You can estimate the optimal amount of RAM for the TM resource pool as follows: `GbRAM` `/ (6 ` `#table-cols``) > 10` where `#table-cols`* is the number of columns in the largest database table. For example, given a 100-column table, `MEMORYSIZE` needs least 6GB of RAM: `6144MB / (6 * 100) = 10.24`
MAXMEMORYSIZE	Unlimited
MAXQUERYMEMORYSIZE	Empty / cannot be set
EXECUTIONPARALLELISM	AUTO
PRIORITY	105
RUNTIMEPRIORITY	MEDIUM
RUNTIMEPRIORITYTHRESHOLD	60
QUEUETIMEOUT	00:05 (minutes)
RUNTIMECAP	NONE
PLANNEDCONCURRENCY	7
MAXCONCURRENCY	Sets across all nodes the maximum number of concurrent execution slots available to TM pool. In databases created in Vertica releases ≥9.3, the default value is 7. In databases created in earlier versions, the default is 3.This setting specifies the maximum number of merges that can occur simultaneously on multiple threads. Note 0 or NONE (unlimited) are invalid settings.
SINGLEINITIATOR	True Important Included for backwards compatibility. Do not change.
CPUAFFINITYSET	Empty / cannot be set
CPUAFFINITYMODE	ANY / cannot be set
CASCADETO	Empty / cannot be set

11.25 - CREATE ROLE

Creates a.

Creates a role. After creating a role, use GRANT statements to specify role permissions.

Syntax

CREATE ROLE role

Parameters

role: The name for the new role, where role conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

This example shows to create an empty role called roleA.

=> CREATE ROLE roleA;
CREATE ROLE

11.26 - CREATE ROUTING RULE

Creates a load balancing routing rule that directs incoming client connections from an IP address range to a group of Vertica nodes.

Creates a load balancing routing rule that directs incoming client connections from an IP address range to a group of Vertica nodes. This group of Vertica nodes is defined by a load balance group. Once you create a routing rule, any client connection originating from the rule's IP address range is redirected to one of the nodes in the load balance group if the client opts into load balancing.

Syntax

CREATE ROUTING RULE rule_name ROUTE 'address_range' TO group_name

Arguments

rule_name ``: A name for the routing rule.
*`address_range`*: An IPv4 or IPv6 address range in CIDR format. Sets the address range of client connections that this rule applies to.
group_name: The name of the load balance group to handle the client connections from the address range. You create this group using the CREATE LOAD BALANCE GROUP statement.

Privileges

Superuser.

Examples

The following example creates a routing rule that routes all client connections from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 to a load balance group named internal_clients:

=> CREATE ROUTING RULE internal_clients ROUTE '192.168.1.0/24' TO internal_clients;
CREATE ROUTING RULE

11.27 - CREATE SCHEMA

Defines a schema.

Syntax

CREATE SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [database.]schema
   [ AUTHORIZATION username]
   [ DEFAULT { INCLUDE | EXCLUDE } [ SCHEMA ] PRIVILEGES ]

Parameters

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

[database.]schema

Identifies the schema to create, where schema conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. The following naming requirements also apply:

The name must be unique among all other schema names in the database.
It must comply with keyword restrictions.
It cannot begin with v_; this prefix is reserved for Vertica system tables.
If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

AUTHORIZATION username

Valid only for superusers, assigns ownership of the schema to another user. By default, the user who creates a schema is also assigned ownership.

After you create a schema, you can reassign ownership to another user with ALTER SCHEMA.

DEFAULT {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Specifies whether to enable or disable default inheritance of privileges for new tables in the specified schema:

EXCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES (default): Disables inheritance of schema privileges.
INCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES: Specifies to grant tables in the specified schema the same privileges granted to that schema. This option has no effect on existing tables in the schema.

If you omit INCLUDE PRIVILEGES, you must explicitly grant schema privileges on the desired tables.

For more information see Enabling schema inheritance.

Privileges

Superuser
CREATE privilege for the database

Supported sub-statements

CREATE SCHEMA can include one or more sub-statements—for example, to create tables or projections within the new schema. Supported sub-statements include:

CREATE TABLE / CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE
GRANT statements
CREATE PROJECTION
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE TEXT INDEX
CREATE VIEW

CREATE SCHEMA statement and all sub-statements are treated as a single transaction. If any statement fails, Vertica rolls back the entire transaction. The owner of the new schema is assigned ownership of all objects that are created within this transaction.

For example, the following CREATE SCHEMA statement also grants privileges on the new schema, and creates a table and view of that table:

=> \c - Joan
You are now connected as user "Joan".
=> CREATE SCHEMA s1
     GRANT USAGE, CREATE ON SCHEMA s1 TO public
     CREATE TABLE s1.t1 (a varchar)
     CREATE VIEW s1.t1v AS SELECT * FROM s1.t1;
CREATE SCHEMA
=> \dtv s1.*
             List of tables
 Schema | Name | Kind  | Owner | Comment
--------+------+-------+-------+---------
 s1     | t1   | table | Joan  |
 s1     | t1v  | view  | Joan  |
(2 rows)

Examples

Create schema s1:

=> CREATE SCHEMA s1;

Create schema s2 if it does not already exist:

=> CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS s2;

If the schema already exists, Vertica returns a rollback message:

=> CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS s2;
NOTICE 4214:  Object "s2" already exists; nothing was done

Create table t1 in schema s1, then grant users Fred and Aniket access to all existing tables and all privileges on table t1:


=> CREATE TABLE s1.t1 (c INT);
CREATE TABLE
=> GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA s1 TO Fred, Aniket;
GRANT PRIVILEGE
=> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE s1.t1 TO Fred, Aniket;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

Enable inheritance on new schema s3 so all tables created in it automatically inherit its privileges. In this case, new table s3.t2 inherits USAGE, CREATE, and SELECT privileges, which are automatically granted to all database users: => CREATE SCHEMA s3 DEFAULT INCLUDE SCHEMA PRIVILEGES; CREATE SCHEMA => GRANT USAGE, CREATE, SELECT, INSERT ON SCHEMA S3 TO PUBLIC; GRANT PRIVILEGE => CREATE TABLE s3.t2(i int); WARNING 6978: Table "t2" will include privileges from schema "s3" CREATE TABLE

11.28 - CREATE SEQUENCE

Defines a new named sequence number generator object.

Defines a new named sequence number generator object. Like AUTO_INCREMENT and IDENTITY sequences, named sequences let you set the default values of primary key columns. Sequences guarantee uniqueness, and avoid constraint enforcement problems and overhead.

For more information about sequence types and their usage, see Sequences.

Syntax

CREATE SEQUENCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]sequence
   [ INCREMENT [ BY ] integer ]
   [ MINVALUE `*`integer`*` | NO MINVALUE ]
   [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
   [ START [ WITH ] integer ]
   [ CACHE integer | NO CACHE ]
   [ CYCLE | NO CYCLE ]

Parameters

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*sequence*

Identifies the sequence to create, where sequence conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.

INCREMENT [BY] integer

A positive or negative integer that specifies how much to increment or decrement the sequence on each call to NEXTVAL, by default set to 1.

Note

MINVALUE integer | NO MINVALUE

Determines the minimum value a sequence can generate. If you omit this clause or specify NO MINVALUE (the default), default values are used: 1 and -2⁶³-1 for ascending and descending sequences, respectively.

MAXVALUE integer | NO MAXVALUE

Determines the maximum value for the sequence. If you omit this clause or specify NO MAXVALUE (the default), default values are used: 2⁶³-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences, respectively.

START [WITH] integer

Sets the sequence start value to integer. The next call to NEXTVAL returns integer. If you omit this clause, the sequence start value is set to MINVALUE for ascending sequences, and MAXVALUE for descending sequences.

CACHE integer | NO CACHE

Specifies whether to cache unique sequence numbers on each node for faster access. CACHE takes an integer argument as follows:

>1 specifies how many unique numbers each node caches per session.

Caution
If sequence caching is set to a low number, nodes are liable to request a new set of cache values more frequently. While it supplies a new cache, Vertica must lock the catalog. Until Vertica releases the lock, other database activities such as table inserts are blocked, which can adversely affect overall performance.
0 or 1 specifies to disable caching (equivalent to NO CACHE).

If you omit this clause, the sequence cache is set to 250,000.

For details on named sequence caching, see Distributing named sequences.

CYCLE | NO CYCLE

Specifies whether the sequence can wrap when its minimum or maximum values are reached:

CYCLE: The sequence wraps as follows:
- When an incrementing sequence reaches its upper limit, it is reset to its minimum value.
- When an decrementing sequence reaches its lower limit, it is reset to its maximum value.
NO CYCLE (default): Calls to NEXTVAL return an error after the sequence reaches its maximum or minimum value.

Privileges

Non-superusers: CREATE privilege on the schema

Examples

See Creating and using named sequences.

11.29 - CREATE SUBNET

Identifies the subnet to which the nodes of a Vertica database belong.

Identifies the subnet to which the nodes of a Vertica database belong. Use this statement to configure import/export from a database to other Vertica clusters.

Syntax

CREATE SUBNET subnet-name WITH 'subnet-prefix'

Parameters

subnet-name: A name you assign to the subnet, where subnet-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
subnet-prefix: The subnet prefix in either a dotted-quad number format for IPv4 addresses, or four colon-delimited four-digit hexadecimal numbers for IPv6 addresses. Refer to system table NETWORK_INTERFACES to get the prefix of all available IP networks.

You can then configure the database to use the subnet for import/export. For details, see Identify the database or nodes used for import/export.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> CREATE SUBNET mySubnet WITH '123.4.5.6';
=> CREATE SUBNET mysubnet WITH 'fd9b:1fcc:1dc4:78d3::';

11.30 - CREATE TABLE

Creates a table in the logical schema.

Syntax

Create with column definitions:

CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table
   ( column-definition[,...] [, table-constraint ][,...] )
   [ ORDER BY column[,...] ]
   [ segmentation-spec ]
   [ KSAFE [k-num] ]
   [ partition-clause]
   [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]

Create from another table:


CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table { AS-clause | LIKE-clause }

AS-clause

[ ( column-name-list ) ]
[ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]
AS  [ /*+ LABEL */ ] [ AT epoch ] query [ ENCODED BY column-ref-list ] [ segmentation-spec ]

LIKE-clause

LIKE [[database.]schema.]existing-table
  [ {INCLUDING | EXCLUDING} PROJECTIONS ]
  [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]

Parameters

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

table

Name of the table to create, which must be unique among names of all sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the schema.

column-definition

Column name, data type, and optional constraints. A table can have up to 9800 columns. At least one column in the table must be of a scalar type or native array.

table-constraint

Table-level constraint, as opposed to column constraints.

ORDER BY column[,...]

Invalid for external tables, specifies columns from the SELECT list on which to sort the superprojection that is automatically created for this table. The ORDER BY clause cannot include qualifiers ASC or DESC. Vertica always stores projection data in ascending sort order.

If you omit the ORDER BY clause, Vertica uses the SELECT list order as the projection sort order.

segmentation-spec

Invalid for external tables, specifies how to distribute data for auto-projections of this table. Supply one of the following clauses:

hash-segmentation-clause: Specifies to segment data evenly and distribute across cluster nodes. Vertica recommends segmenting large tables.
unsegmented-clause: Specifies to create an unsegmented projection.

If this clause is omitted, Vertica generates auto-projections with default hash segmentation.

KSAFE [k-num]

Invalid for external tables, specifies K-safety of auto-projections created for this table, where k-num must be equal to or greater than system K-safety. If you omit this option, the projection uses the system K-safety level.

partition-clause

Invalid for external tables, logically divides table data storage through a PARTITION BY clause:

PARTITION BY partition-expression
  [ GROUP BY group-expression ] [ ACTIVEPARTITIONCOUNT integer ]

column-name-list

Valid only when creating a table from a query (AS query), defines column names that map to the query output. If you omit this list, Vertica uses the query output column names. The names in column-name-list and queried columns must be the same in number.

For example:

CREATE TABLE customer_occupations (name, profession)
   AS SELECT customer_name, occupation FROM customer_dimension;

This clause and the ENCODED BY clause are mutually exclusive. Column name lists are invalid for external tables

{INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Default inheritance of schema privileges for this table:

INCLUDE PRIVILEGES specifies that the table inherits privileges that are set on its schema. This is the default behavior if privileges inheritance is enabled for the schema.
EXCLUDE PRIVILEGES disables inheritance of privileges from the schema.

For details, see Inherited privileges.

AS query

Creates and loads a table from the results of a query, specified as follows:


AS  [ /*+ LABEL */ ] [ AT epoch ] query

The query cannot include complex type columns.

ENCODED BY column-ref-list

A comma-delimited list of columns from the source table, where each column is qualified by one or both of the following encoding options:

ACCESSRANK integer: Overrides the default access rank for a column, useful for prioritizing access to a column. See Prioritizing column access speed.
ENCODING encoding-type: Specifies the type of encoding to use on the column. The default encoding type is AUTO.

This option and column-name-list are mutually exclusive. This option is invalid for external tables.

LIKE existing-table

Creates the table by replicating an existing table. You can qualify the LIKE clause with one of the following options:

EXCLUDING PROJECTIONS (default): Do not copy projections from the source table.
INCLUDING PROJECTIONS: Copy current projections from the source table for the new table.
{INCLUDE|EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES: See description above).

Privileges

Non-superuser:

CREATE privileges on the table schema
If creating a table that includes a named sequence:
- SELECT privilege on sequence object
- USAGE privilege on sequence schema
If creating a table with the LIKE clause, source table owner

Restrictions for complex types

Complex types used in native tables have some restrictions, in addition to the restrictions for individual types listed on their reference pages:

A native table must have at least one column that is a primitive type or a native array (one-dimensional array of a primitive type). If a flex table has real columns, it must also have at least one column satisfying this restriction.
Complex type columns cannot be used in ORDER BY or PARTITION BY clauses nor as FILLER columns.
Complex type columns cannot have constraints.
Expressions returning complex types cannot be used as projection columns, and projections cannot be segmented or ordered by columns of complex types.
Tables with columns of complex types cannot use DEFAULT and SET USING.

Examples

The following example creates a table in the public schema:

CREATE TABLE public.Premium_Customer
(
    ID IDENTITY ,
    lname varchar(25),
    fname varchar(25),
    store_membership_card int
);

The following example uses LIKE to create a new table from this one:

=> CREATE TABLE All_Customers LIKE Premium_Customer;
CREATE TABLE

The following example selects columns from one table to use in a new table, using an AS clause:

=> CREATE TABLE cust_basic_profile AS SELECT
     customer_key, customer_gender, customer_age, marital_status, annual_income, occupation
     FROM customer_dimension WHERE customer_age>18 AND customer_gender !='';
CREATE TABLE
=> SELECT customer_age, annual_income, occupation FROM cust_basic_profile
     WHERE customer_age > 23 ORDER BY customer_age;
 customer_age | annual_income |     occupation
--------------+---------------+--------------------
           24 |        469210 | Hairdresser
           24 |        140833 | Butler
           24 |        558867 | Lumberjack
           24 |        529117 | Mechanic
           24 |        322062 | Acrobat
           24 |        213734 | Writer
           ...

The following example creates a table using array columns:

=> CREATE TABLE orders(
    orderkey    INT,
    custkey     INT,
    prodkey     ARRAY[VARCHAR(10)],
    orderprices ARRAY[DECIMAL(12,2)],
    orderdate   DATE
);

The following example uses a ROW complex type:

=> CREATE TABLE inventory
    (store INT, products ROW(name VARCHAR, code VARCHAR));

11.30.1 - Column-constraint

Adds a constraint to a column's metadata.

Adds a constraint to a column's metadata. For details, see Constraints.

Syntax

[ { AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY } [ (args) ] ]
[ CONSTRAINT constraint-name ] {
   [ CHECK (expression) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ] ]
   [ [ DEFAULT expression ] [ SET USING expression } | DEFAULT USING expression ]
   [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
   [ { PRIMARY KEY [ ENABLED | DISABLED ] REFERENCES table [( column )] } ]
   [ UNIQUE [ ENABLED | DISABLED ] ]
}

Parameters

Note

You can specify enforcement of several constraints by qualifying them with the keywords ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY

Creates a table column whose values are automatically generated by and managed by the database. You cannot change or load values in this column. You can set this constraint on only one table column.

AUTO_INCREMENT and IDENTITY are synonyms. For details on this constraint and optional arguments, see AUTO_INCREMENT and IDENTITY sequences.

These options are invalid for temporary tables.

CONSTRAINT constraint-name

Assigns a name to the constraint, valid for the following constraints:

PRIMARY KEY
REFERENCES (foreign key)
CHECK
UNIQUE

If you omit assigning a name to these constraints, Vertica assigns its own name. For details, see Naming constraints.

Vertica recommends that you name all constraints.

CHECK (expression)

Adds check condition expression, which returns a Boolean value.

DEFAULT

Specifies this column's default value:

DEFAULT default-expr

Vertica evaluates the DEFAULT expression and sets the column on load operations, if the operation omits a value for the column. For details about valid expressions, see Defining column values.

SET USING

Specifies to set values in this column from the specified expression:

SET USING using-expr

Vertica evaluates the SET USING expression and refreshes column values only when the function REFRESH_COLUMNS is invoked. For details about valid expressions, see Defining column values.

DEFAULT USING

Defines the column with DEFAULT and SET USING constraints, specifying the same expression for both. DEFAULT USING columns support the same expressions as SET USING columns, and are subject to the same restrictions.

NULL | NOT NULL

Specifies whether the column can contain null values:

NULL: Allows null values in the column. If you set this constraint on a primary key column, Vertica ignores it and sets it to NOT NULL.
NOT NULL: Specifies that the column must be set to a value during insert and update operations. If the column has no default value and no value is provided, INSERT or UPDATE returns an error.

If you omit this constraint, the default is NULL for all columns except primary key columns, which Vertica always sets to NOT NULL.

External tables: If you specify NOT NULL and the column contains null values, queries are liable to return errors or generate unexpected behavior. Specify NOT NULL for an external table column only if you are sure that the column does not contain nulls.

PRIMARY KEY

Identifies this column as the table's primary key.

REFERENCES

Identifies this column as a foreign key:

REFERENCES table [column]

where column is the primary key in table. If you omit column, Vertica references the primary key in table.

UNIQUE

Requires column data to be unique with respect to all table rows.

Privileges

Table owner or user WITH GRANT OPTION is grantor.

REFERENCES privilege on table to create foreign key constraints that reference this table
USAGE privilege on schema that contains the table

Enforcing constraints

The following constraints can be qualified with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED:

PRIMARY KEY
UNIQUE
CHECK

If you omit ENABLED or DISABLED, Vertica determines whether to enable the constraint automatically by checking the appropriate configuration parameter:

EnableNewPrimaryKeysByDefault
EnableNewUniqueKeysByDefault
EnableNewCheckConstraintsByDefault

For details, see Constraint enforcement.

11.30.2 - Column-definition

Specifies the name, data type, and constraints to be applied to a column.

Syntax

column-name data-type
    [ column-constraint ][...]
    [ ENCODING encoding-type ]
    [ ACCESSRANK integer ]

Parameters

*column-name*: The name of a column to be created or added.
*data-type*: A Vertica-supported data type.

Tip
When specifying the maximum column width in a CREATE TABLE statement, use the width in bytes (octets) for any of the string types. Each UTF-8 character might require four bytes, but European languages generally require a little over one byte per character, while Oriental languages generally require a little under three bytes per character.
column-constraint: A constraint type that Vertica supports—for example, NOT NULL or UNIQUE. For general information, see Constraints.
ENCODING
encoding-type: The column encoding type, by default set to AUTO.
ACCESSRANK integer: Overrides the default access rank for a column. Use this parameter to increase or decrease the speed at which Vertica accesses a column. For more information, see Overriding Default Column Ranking.

Examples

The following example creates a table named Employee_Dimension and its associated superprojection in the public schema. The Employee_key column is designated as a primary key, and RLE encoding is specified for the Employee_gender column definition:

=> CREATE TABLE public.Employee_Dimension (
    Employee_key                   integer PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
    Employee_gender                varchar(8) ENCODING RLE,
    Courtesy_title                 varchar(8),
    Employee_first_name            varchar(64),
    Employee_middle_initial        varchar(8),
    Employee_last_name             varchar(64)
);

11.30.3 - Column-name-list

Used to rename columns when creating a table or temporary table from a query; also used to specify the column's encoding type and .

Used to rename columns when creating a table or temporary table from a query; also used to specify the column's encoding type and access rank .

Syntax

column-name-list
    [ ENCODING encoding-type ]
    [ ACCESSRANK integer ]
    [ GROUPED ( column-reference[,...] ) ]

Parameters

column-name: Specifies the new name for the column.
ENCODING encoding-type: Specifies the type of encoding to use on the column. The default encoding type is AUTO.
ACCESSRANK integer: Overrides the default access rank for a column, useful for prioritizing access to a column. See Prioritizing column access speed.
GROUPED: Groups two or more columns . For detailed information, see GROUPED clause.

Requirements

A column in the list can not specify the column's data type or any constraint. These are derived from the queried table.
If the query output has expressions other than simple columns (for example, constants or functions) then an alias must be specified for that expression, or the column name list must include all queried columns.
CREATE TABLE can specify encoding types and access ranks in the column name list or the query's ENCODED BY clause, but not in both. For example, the following CREATE TABLE statement sets encoding and access rank on two columns in the column name list:
```
=> CREATE TABLE promo1 (state ENCODING RLE ACCESSRANK 1, zip ENCODING RLE,...)
     AS SELECT * FROM customer_dimension ORDER BY customer_state;
```
The next statement specifies the same encoding and access rank in the query's ENCODED BY clause.
```
=> CREATE TABLE promo2
     AS SELECT * FROM customer_dimension ORDER BY customer_state
     ENCODED BY customer_state ENCODING RLE ACCESSRANK 1, customer_zip ENCODING RLE;
```

11.30.4 - Partition clause

Specifies partitioning of table data, through a PARTITION BY clause in the table definition:.

Specifies partitioning of table data, through a PARTITION BY clause in the table definition:

PARTITION BY partition-expression [ GROUP BY group-expression ] [ active-partition-count-expr ]

PARTITION BY partition-expression

For each table row, resolves to a partition key that is derived from one or more table columns.

Caution

Avoid partitioning tables on LONG VARBINARY and LONG VARCHAR columns. Doing so can adversely impact performance.

GROUP BY group-expression

For each table row, resolves to a partition group key that is derived from the partition key. Vertica uses group keys to merge partitions into separate partition groups. GROUP BY must use the same expression as PARTITION BY. For example:

...PARTITION BY (i+j) GROUP BY (
     CASE WHEN (i+j) < 5 THEN 1
          WHEN (i+j) < 10 THEN 2
          ELSE 3);

For details on partitioning table data by groups, see Partition grouping and Hierarchical partitioning.

active-partition-count-expr

Specifies how many partitions are active for this table, specified as follows:

In partition clause of CREATE TABLE:
```
ACTIVEPARTITIONCOUNT integer
```
In partition clause of ALTER TABLE:
```
SET ACTIVEPARTITIONCOUNT integer
```

This setting supersedes configuration parameter ActivePartitionCount. For details on usage, see Active and inactive partitions.

Partitioning requirements and restrictions

PARTITION BY expressions can specify leaf expressions, functions, and operators. The following requirements and restrictions apply:

All table projections must include all columns referenced in the expression; otherwise, Vertica cannot resolve the expression.
The expression can reference multiple columns, but it must resolve to a single non-null value for each row.

Note
You can avoid null-related errors with the function ZEROIFNULL. This function can check a PARTITION BY expression for null values and evaluate them to 0. For example: CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b int) PARTITION BY (ZEROIFNULL(a)); CREATE TABLE
All leaf expressions must be constants or table columns.
All other expressions must be functions and operators. The following restrictions apply to functions: * They must be immutable—that is, they return the same value regardless of time and locale and other session- or environment-specific conditions. * They cannot be aggregate functions. * They cannot be Vertica meta-functions.
The expression cannot include queries.
The expression cannot include user-defined data types such as Geometry.

GROUP BY expressions do not support modulo (%) operations.

Examples

The following statements create the store_orders table and load data into it. The CREATE TABLE statement includes a simple partition clause that specifies to partition data by year:

=> CREATE TABLE public.store_orders
(
    order_no int,
    order_date timestamp NOT NULL,
    shipper varchar(20),
    ship_date date
)
UNSEGMENTED ALL NODES
PARTITION BY YEAR(order_date);
CREATE TABLE
=> COPY store_orders FROM '/home/dbadmin/export_store_orders_data.txt';
41834

As COPY loads the new table data into ROS storage, the Tuple Mover executes the table's partition clause by dividing orders for each year into separate partitions, and consolidating these partitions in ROS containers.

In this case, the Tuple Mover creates four partition keys for the loaded data—2017, 2016, 2015, and 2014—and divides the data into separate ROS containers accordingly:

=> SELECT dump_table_partition_keys('store_orders');
... Partition keys on node v_vmart_node0001
  Projection 'store_orders_super'
   Storage [ROS container]
     No of partition keys: 1
     Partition keys: 2017
   Storage [ROS container]
     No of partition keys: 1
     Partition keys: 2016
   Storage [ROS container]
     No of partition keys: 1
     Partition keys: 2015
   Storage [ROS container]
     No of partition keys: 1
     Partition keys: 2014

 Partition keys on node v_vmart_node0002
  Projection 'store_orders_super'
   Storage [ROS container]
     No of partition keys: 1
     Partition keys: 2017
...

(1 row)

As new data is loaded into store_orders, the Tuple Mover merges it into the appropriate partitions, creating partition keys as needed for new years.

11.30.5 - Table-constraint

Table-constraint

Adds a constraint to table metadata. You can specify table constraints with CREATE TABLE, or add a constraint to an existing table with ALTER TABLE. For details, see Setting constraints.

Note

Adding a constraint to a table that is referenced in a view does not affect the view.

Syntax

[ CONSTRAINT constraint-name ]
{
... PRIMARY KEY (column[,... ]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
... | FOREIGN KEY (column[,... ] ) REFERENCES table [ (column[,...]) ]
... | UNIQUE (column[,...]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
... | CHECK (expression) [ ENABLED | DISABLED ]
}

Parameters

CONSTRAINT constraint-name

Assigns a name to the constraint. Vertica recommends that you name all constraints.

PRIMARY KEY

Defines one or more NOT NULL columns as the primary key as follows:

PRIMARY KEY (column[,...]) [ ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a primary key constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_PRIMARY.

FOREIGN KEY

Adds a referential integrity constraint defining one or more columns as foreign keys as follows:

FOREIGN KEY (column[,... ]) REFERENCES table [(column[,... ])]

If you omit column, Vertica references the primary key in table.

If you do not name a foreign key constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_FOREIGN.

Important

Adding a foreign key constraint requires the following privileges (in addition to privileges also required by ALTER TABLE):

REFERENCES on the referenced table
USAGE on the schema of the referenced table

UNIQUE

Specifies that the data in a column or group of columns is unique with respect to all table rows, as follows:

UNIQUE (column[,...]) [ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a unique constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_UNIQUE.

CHECK

Specifies a check condition as an expression that returns a Boolean value, as follows:

CHECK (expression) [ENABLED | DISABLED]

You can qualify this constraint with the keyword ENABLED or DISABLED. See Enforcing Constraints below.

If you do not name a check constraint, Vertica assigns the name C_CHECK.

Privileges

Non-superusers: table owner, or the following privileges:

USAGE on schema
ALTER on table
SELECT on table to enable or disable constraint enforcement

Enforcing constraints

EnableNewPrimaryKeysByDefault
EnableNewUniqueKeysByDefault
EnableNewCheckConstraintsByDefault

For details, see Constraint enforcement.

Examples

The following example creates a table (t01) with a primary key constraint.

CREATE TABLE t01 (id int CONSTRAINT sampleconstraint PRIMARY KEY);
CREATE TABLE

This example creates the same table without the constraint, and then adds the constraint with ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT

CREATE TABLE t01 (id int);
CREATE TABLE

ALTER TABLE t01 ADD CONSTRAINT sampleconstraint PRIMARY KEY(id);
WARNING 2623:  Column "id" definition changed to NOT NULL
ALTER TABLE

The following example creates a table (addapk) with two columns, adds a third column to the table, and then adds a primary key constraint on the third column.

=> CREATE TABLE addapk (col1 INT, col2 INT);
CREATE TABLE

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ADD COLUMN col3 INT;
ALTER TABLE

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ADD CONSTRAINT col3constraint PRIMARY KEY (col3) ENABLED;
WARNING 2623:  Column "col3" definition changed to NOT NULL
ALTER TABLE

Using the sample table addapk, check that the primary key constraint is enabled (is_enabled is t).

=> SELECT constraint_name, column_name, constraint_type, is_enabled FROM PRIMARY_KEYS WHERE table_name IN ('addapk');

 constraint_name | column_name | constraint_type | is_enabled
-----------------+-------------+-----------------+------------
 col3constraint  | col3        | p               | t
(1 row)

This example disables the constraint using ALTER TABLE ALTER CONSTRAINT.

=> ALTER TABLE addapk ALTER CONSTRAINT col3constraint DISABLED;

Check that the primary key is now disabled (is_enabled is f).

=> SELECT constraint_name, column_name, constraint_type, is_enabled FROM PRIMARY_KEYS WHERE table_name IN ('addapk');

 constraint_name | column_name | constraint_type | is_enabled
-----------------+-------------+-----------------+------------
 col3constraint  | col3        | p               | f
(1 row)

For a general discussion of constraints, see Constraints. For additional examples of creating and naming constraints, see Naming constraints.

11.31 - CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE

Creates a table whose data persists only during the current session.

Creates a table whose data persists only during the current session. Temporary table data is not visible to other sessions.

Syntax

Create with column definitions:

CREATE [ scope ] TEMP[ORARY] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table-name 
   ( column-definition[,...] )
   [ table-constraint ]
   [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
   [ NO PROJECTION ]
   [ ORDER BY table-column[,...] ]
   [ segmentation-spec ]
   [ KSAFE [k-num] ]
   [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ]

Create from another table:


CREATE TEMP[ORARY] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]table-name
   [ ( column-name-list ) ]
   [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
AS  [ /*+ LABEL */ ] [ AT epoch ] query [ ENCODED BY column-ref-list ]

Parameters

scope

Specifies visibility of the table definition:

GLOBAL: The table definition is visible to all sessions, and persists until you explicitly drop the table.
LOCAL: the table definition is visible only to the session in which it is created, and is dropped when the session ends.

If no scope is specified, Vertica uses the default that is set by configuration parameter DefaultTempTableLocal.

Regardless of this setting, retention of temporary table data is set by the keywords ON COMMIT DELETE and ON COMMIT PRESERVE (see below).

For more information, see Creating temporary tables.

IF NOT EXISTS

The IF NOT EXISTS clause is useful for SQL scripts where you want to create an object if it does not already exist.

For related information, see ON_ERROR_STOP.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

If you do not specify a schema, the table is created in the default schema.

*table-name*

Identifies the table to create, where table-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.

column-definition

Defines a table column. A table can have up to 9800 columns.

table-constraint

Adds a constraint to table metadata.

ON COMMIT

Specifies whether data is transaction- or session-scoped:

ON COMMIT {PRESERVE | DELETE} ROWS

DELETE (default) marks the temporary table for transaction-scoped data. Vertica removes all table data after each commit.
PRESERVE marks the temporary table for session-scoped data, which is preserved beyond the lifetime of a single transaction. Vertica removes all table data when the session ends.

NO PROJECTION

Prevents Vertica from creating auto-projections for this table. A superprojection is created only when data is explicitly loaded into this table.

NO PROJECTION is invalid with the following clauses:

ORDER BY
KSAFE
Any segmentation clause (hash-segmentation-clause or unsegmented-clause).

{INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Default inheritance of schema privileges for this table:

INCLUDE PRIVILEGES specifies that the table inherits privileges that are set on its schema. This is the default behavior if privileges inheritance is enabled for the schema.
EXCLUDE PRIVILEGES disables inheritance of privileges from the schema.

For details, see Inherited privileges.

ORDER BY table-column[,...]

If you omit the ORDER BY clause, Vertica uses the SELECT list order as the projection sort order.

segmentation-spec

Invalid for external tables, specifies how to distribute data for auto-projections of this table. Supply one of the following clauses:

hash-segmentation-clause: Specifies to segment data evenly and distribute across cluster nodes. Vertica recommends segmenting large tables.
unsegmented-clause: Specifies to create an unsegmented projection.

If this clause is omitted, Vertica generates auto-projections with default hash segmentation.

KSAFE [k-num]

Eon Mode: K-safety of temporary tables is always set to 0, regardless of system K-safety. If a CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement sets k-num greater than 0, Vertica returns an warning.

column-name-list

For example:

CREATE TABLE customer_occupations (name, profession)
   AS SELECT customer_name, occupation FROM customer_dimension;

This clause and the ENCODED BY clause are mutually exclusive. Column name lists are invalid for external tables

AS query

Creates and loads a table from the results of a query, specified as follows:


AS  [ /*+ LABEL */ ] [ AT epoch ] query

The query cannot include complex type columns.

ENCODED BY column-ref-list

A comma-delimited list of columns from the source table, where each column is qualified by one or both of the following encoding options:

ACCESSRANK integer: Overrides the default access rank for a column, useful for prioritizing access to a column. See Prioritizing column access speed.
ENCODING encoding-type: Specifies the type of encoding to use on the column. The default encoding type is AUTO.

This option and column-name-list are mutually exclusive. This option is invalid for external tables.

Privileges

The following privileges are required:

CREATE privileges on the table schema
If creating a temporary table that includes a named sequence:
- SELECT privilege on sequence object
- USAGE privilege on sequence schema

Restrictions

Queries on temporary tables are subject to the same restrictions on SQL support as persistent tables.
You cannot add projections to non-empty, global temporary tables (ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS). Make sure that projections exist before you load data. See Auto-projections.
While you can add projections for temporary tables that are defined with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS specified, be aware that you might lose all data.
Mergeout operations cannot be used on session-scoped temporary data.
In general, session-scoped temporary table data is not visible using system (virtual) tables.
Temporary tables do not recover. If a node fails, queries that use the temporary table also fail. Restart the session and populate the temporary table.

Examples

See Creating temporary tables.

11.32 - CREATE TEXT INDEX

Creates a text index used to perform text searches.

Creates a text index used to perform text searches. If data within a table is partitioned, then an extra column appears in the text index, showing the partition.

Syntax

CREATE TEXT INDEX [[database.]schema.]txtindex-name
 ON [schema.]source-table (unique-id, text-field [, column-name,...])
 [STEMMER {stemmer-name(stemmer-input-data-type)| NONE}]
 [TOKENIZER tokenizer-name(tokenizer-input-data-type)];

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

If you do not specify a schema, the table is created in the default schema.

*txtindex-name*

The text index name.

*source-table*

The source table to index.

*unique-id*

The name of the column in the source table that contains a unique identifier. Any data type is permissible. The column must be the primary key in the source table.

*text-field*

The name of the column in the source table that contains the text field. Valid data types are:

CHAR
VARCHAR
LONG VARCHAR
VARBINARY
LONG VARBINARY

Nulls are allowed.

*column-name*

The name of a column or columns to be included as additional columns.

*stemmer-name*

The name of the stemmer.

*stemmer-input-data-type*

The input data type of the stemmer-name function.

*tokenizer-name*

Specifies the name of the tokenizer.

*tokenizer-input-data-type*

This value is the input data type of the tokenizer-name function. It can accept any number of arguments.

If a Vertica tokenizers is used, then this parameter can be omitted.

Privileges

The index automatically inherits the query permissions of its parent table. The table owner and dbadmin will be allowed to create and/or modify the indices.

Important

Do not alter the contents or definitions of the text index. If the contents or definitions of the text index are altered, then the results will not appropriately match the source table.

Requirements

Requires there be a column with a unique identifier set as the primary key.
The source table must have an associated projection, and must be both sorted and segmented by the primary key.

Examples

The following example shows how to create a text index with an additional unindexed column on the table t_log using the CREATE TEXT INDEX statement:

=> CREATE TEXT INDEX t_log_index ON t_log (id, text, day_of_week);
CREATE INDEX
=> SELECT * FROM t_log_index;
        token          | doc_id | day_of_week
-----------------------+--------+-------------
'catalog               |      1 | Monday
'dbadmin'              |      2 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      1 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      2 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      3 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      4 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      5 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      6 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      7 | Monday
2014-06-04             |      8 | Monday
45035996273704966      |      3 | Tuesday
45035996273704968      |      4 | Tuesday
<INFO>                 |      1 | Tuesday
<INFO>                 |      6 | Tuesday
<INFO>                 |      7 | Tuesday
<INFO>                 |      8 | Tuesday
<WARNING>              |      2 | Tuesday
<WARNING>              |      3 | Tuesday
<WARNING>              |      4 | Tuesday
<WARNING>              |      5 | Tuesday

...

(97 rows)

The following example shows a text index, tpart_index, created from a partitioned source table:

=> SELECT * FROM tpart_index;
         token          | doc_id | partition
------------------------+--------+-----------
 0                      |      4 |      2014
 0                      |      5 |      2014
 11:00:49.568           |      4 |      2014
 11:00:49.568           |      5 |      2014
 11:00:49.569           |      6 |      2014
 <INFO>                 |      6 |      2014
 <WARNING>              |      4 |      2014
 <WARNING>              |      5 |      2014
 Database               |      6 |      2014
 Execute:               |      6 |      2014
 Object                 |      4 |      2014
 Object                 |      5 |      2014
 [Catalog]              |      4 |      2014
 [Catalog]              |      5 |      2014
 'catalog               |      1 |      2013
 'dbadmin'              |      2 |      2013
 0                      |      3 |      2013
 11:00:49.568           |      1 |      2013
 11:00:49.568           |      2 |      2013
 11:00:49.568           |      3 |      2013
 11:00:49.570           |      7 |      2013
 11:00:49.571           |      8 |      2013
 45035996273704966      |      3 |      2013

...

(89 rows)

11.33 - CREATE USER

Adds a name to the list of authorized database users.

Note

New users lack default access to schema PUBLIC. Be sure to grant new users USAGE privileges on the PUBLIC schema.

Syntax

CREATE USER user-name [ account-parameter value[,...] ]

Parameters

user-name: Name of the new user, where user-name conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
account-parameter value: One or more user account parameter settings (see below).

User account parameters

Specify one or more user account parameters as a comma-delimited list:

account-parameter setting[,...]

Parameter	Settings
`ACCOUNT`	Locks or unlocks user access to the database, one of the following: `UNLOCK` (default) `LOCK` prevents a new user from logging in. This can be useful when creating an account for a user who does not need immediate access. Tip To automate account locking, set a maximum number of failed login attempts with CREATE PROFILE.
`GRACEPERIOD`	Specifies how long a user query can block on any session socket, one of the following: `NONE` (default): Removes any grace period previously set on session queries. `'``interval``'`: Specifies as an interval the maximum grace period for current session queries, up to 20 days. For details, see Handling session socket blocking.
`IDENTIFIED BY`	Sets the user's password as follows: `IDENTIFIED BY { '[``password``]' \| '``hashed-password``' SALT '``hash-salt``' }` `password`: ASCII password that Vertica then hashes for internal storage. An empty string enables this user to access the database with no password. `hashed-password`: A pre-hashed password and its associated hex string `hash-salt`. Setting a password this way bypasses all password complexity requirements. Important If you omit this parameter, this user can access the database with no password. For details, see Password guidelines and Creating a database name and password.
`IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT`	The length of time the system waits before disconnecting an idle session, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set for this user. If you omit this parameter, no limit is set for this user. `'` `interval'`: An interval value, up to one year. For details, see Managing client connections.
`MAXCONNECTIONS`	Sets the maximum number of connections the user can have to the server, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set. If you omit this parameter, the user can have an unlimited number of connections across the database cluster. `integer` `ON DATABASE`: Sets to `integer` the maximum number of connections across the database cluster. `integer` `ON NODE`: Sets to `integer` the maximum number of connections to each node. For details, see Managing client connections.
`MEMORYCAP`	Sets how much memory can be allocated to user requests, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit A string value that specifies the memory limit, one of the following: '`int``%'` expresses the maximum as a percentage of total memory available to the Resource Manager, where `int` is an integer value between 0 and 100.For example: `MEMORYCAP '40%'` `'``int``{K\|M\|G\|T}'` expresses memory allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example: `MEMORYCAP '10G'`
`PASSWORD EXPIRE`	Forces immediate expiration of the user's password. The user must change the password on the next login. Note `PASSWORD EXPIRE` has no effect when using external password authentication methods such as LDAP or Kerberos.
`PROFILE`	Assigns a profile that controls password requirements for this user, one of the following: `DEFAULT` (default): Assigns the default database profile to this user. profile-name: A profile that is defined by CREATE PROFILE. If you omit this parameter, the user is assigned the default profile.
`RESOURCE POOL`	Assigns a default resource pool to this user. The user must also be granted privileges to this pool, unless privileges to the pool are set to `PUBLIC`.
`RUNTIMECAP`	Sets how long this user's queries can execute, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit set for this user. If you omit this parameter, no limit is set for this user. `'` `interval'`: An interval value, up to one year. A query's runtime limit can be set at three levels: the user's runtime limit, the user's resource pool, and the session setting. For more information, see Setting a runtime limit for queries.
`SEARCH_PATH`	Specifies the user's default search path, that tells Vertica which schemas to search for unqualified references to tables and UDFs, one of the following: `DEFAULT` (default): Sets the search path as follows: `"$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal` Comma-delimited list of schemas. For details, see Setting Search Paths.
`TEMPSPACECAP`	Sets how much temporary file storage is available for user requests, one of the following: `NONE` (default): No limit String value that specifies the storage limit, one of the following: `int``%` expresses the maximum as a percentage of total temporary storage available to the Resource Manager, where `int` is an integer value between 0 and 100. For example: `TEMPSPACECAP '40%'` `int``{K\|M\|G\|T}` expresses storage allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example: `TEMPSPACECAP '10G'`

Privileges

Superuser

User name best practices

Vertica database user names are logically separate from user names of the operating system in which the server runs. If all the users of a particular server also have accounts on the server's machine, it makes sense to assign database user names that match their operating system user names. However, a server that accepts remote connections might many database users with no local operating system account. In this case, there is no need to connect database and system user names.

Examples

=> CREATE USER Fred IDENTIFIED BY 'Mxyzptlk';
=> GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA PUBLIC to Fred;

11.34 - CREATE VIEW

Defines a.

Defines a view. Views are read only, so they do not support insert, update, delete, or copy operations.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW [[database.]schema.]view [ (column[,...]) ]
  [ {INCLUDE|EXCLUDE} [SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES ] AS query

Parameters

OR REPLACE

Specifies to overwrite the existing view view-name. If you omit this option and view-name already exists, CREATE VIEW returns an error.

Any grants assigned to the view before you execute a CREATE OR REPLACE remain on the updated view. See GRANT (view).

[database]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

view

Identifies the view to create, where view conforms to conventions described in Identifiers. It must also be unique among all names of sequences, tables, projections, views, and models within the same schema.

column[,...]

List of up to 9800 names to use as view column names. Vertica maps view column names to query columns according to the order of their respective lists. By default, the view uses column names as they are specified in the query.

query

A SELECT statement that the temporary view executes. The SELECT statement can reference tables, temporary tables, and other views.

{INCLUDE|EXCLUDE}[SCHEMA] PRIVILEGES

Specifies whether this view inherits schema privileges:

INCLUDE PRIVILEGES specifies that the view inherits privileges that are set on its schema. This is the default behavior if privileges inheritance is enabled for the schema.
EXCLUDE PRIVILEGES disables inheritance of privileges from the schema.

For details, see Inherited privileges.

Privileges

See Creating views.

Examples

The following example shows how to create a view that contains data from multiple tables.

=> CREATE VIEW temp_t0 AS SELECT * from t0_p1 UNION ALL
     SELECT * from t0_p2 UNION ALL
       SELECT * from t0_p3 UNION ALL
         SELECT * from t0_p4 UNION ALL
           SELECT * from t0_p5;

12 - DEACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY

Deactivates one or more directed queries previously activated by ACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY.

Syntax

DEACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY { query-name | input-query }

Arguments

*query-name*: Identifies the directed query to deactivate. To obtain identifiers for directed queries, use GET DIRECTED QUERY, or query the system table DIRECTED_QUERIES.
*input-query*: The input query of the directed queries to deactivate. Use this argument to deactivate multiple direct queries that map to the same input query.

Privileges

Superuser

13 - DELETE

Removes the specified rows from a table and returns a count of the deleted rows.

Removes the specified rows from a table and returns a count of the deleted rows. A count of 0 is not an error, but indicates that no rows matched the condition. An unqualified DELETE statement (omits a WHERE clause) removes all rows but leaves intact table columns, projections, and constraints.

DELETE supports subqueries and joins, so you can delete values in a table based on values in other tables.

Important

Vertica's implementation of DELETE differs from traditional databases: it does not delete data from disk storage; it marks rows as deleted so they are available for historical queries.

Syntax

DELETE [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ]  FROM [[database.]schema.]table [ where-clause ]

Parameters

LABEL: Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
table: Any table, including temporary tables.
where-clause: Specifies which rows to mark for deletion. If you omit this clause, DELETE behavior varies depending on whether the table is persistent or temporary. See below for details.

Privileges

Table owner or user with GRANT OPTION is grantor.

DELETE privilege on table
USAGE privilege on the schema of the target table
SELECT privilege on a table when the DELETE statement includes a WHERE or SET clause that specifies columns from that table.

Restrictions

You cannot execute DELETE on a projection.

Committing successive table changes

Vertica follows the SQL-92 transaction model, so successive INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements are included in the same transaction. You do not need to explicitly start this transaction; however, you must explicitly end it with COMMIT, or implicitly end it with COPY. Otherwise, Vertica discards all changes that were made within the transaction.

Deleting from persistent tables

DELETE removes data directly from the ROS.

Deleting from a temporary table

DELETE execution on temporary tables varies, depending on whether the table was created with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS (default) or ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS:

If DELETE contains a WHERE clause that specifies which rows to remove, behavior is identical: DELETE marks the rows for deletion. In both cases, you cannot roll back to an earlier savepoint.
If DELETE omits a WHERE clause and the table was created with ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS, Vertica marks all table rows for deletion. If the table was created with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS, DELETE behaves like TRUNCATE TABLE and removes all rows from storage.

Note
If you issue an unqualified DELETE statement on a temporary table created with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS, Vertica removes all rows from storage but does not end the transaction.

Examples

The following command removes all rows from temporary table temp1:

=> DELETE FROM temp1;

The following command deletes all records from anchor table T where C1 = C2 - C1.

=> DELETE FROM T WHERE C1=C2-C1;

The following command deletes all records from the customer table in the retail schema where the state attribute is in MA or NH:

=> DELETE FROM retail.customer WHERE  state IN ('MA', 'NH');

For examples that show how to nest a subquery within a DELETE statement, see Subqueries in UPDATE and DELETE.

14 - DISCONNECT

Closes a connection to another Vertica database that was opened in the same session with CONNECT TO VERTICA.

Closes a connection to another Vertica database that was opened in the same session with CONNECT TO VERTICA.

Note

Closing your session also closes the database connection. However, it is a good practice to explicitly close the connection to the other database, both to free up resources and to prevent issues with other SQL scripts that might be running in your session. Always closing the connection prevents potential errors if you run a script in the same session that attempts to open a connection to the same database, since each session can only have one connection to a given database at a time.

Syntax

DISCONNECT db-spec

Parameters

db-spec: Specifies the target database, either the database name or DEFAULT.

Privileges

None

Examples

=> DISCONNECT DEFAULT;
DISCONNECT

15 - DO

Executes an anonymous (unnamed) stored procedure without saving it.

Syntax

DO [ LANGUAGE 'language-name' ] $$
    source
$$;

Parameters

language-name

Specifies the language of the procedure source, one of the following (both options refer to PLvSQL; PLpgSQL is included to maintain compatibility with existing scripts):

PLvSQL
PLpgSQL

Default: PLvSQL

source

The source code of the procedure.

Privileges

None

Examples

For more complex examples, see Stored procedures: use cases and examples

This procedure prints the variables in the DECLARE block:

DO LANGUAGE PLvSQL $$
DECLARE
    x int := 3;
    y varchar := 'some string';
BEGIN
    RAISE NOTICE 'x = %', x;
    RAISE NOTICE 'y = %', y;
END;
$$;

NOTICE 2005:  x = 3
NOTICE 2005:  y = some string

For more information on RAISE NOTICE, see Errors and diagnostics.

16 - DROP statements

DROP statements let you delete database objects such as schemas, tables, and users.

16.1 - DROP ACCESS POLICY

Removes an access policy from a column or row.

Syntax

DROP ACCESS POLICY ON table FOR { COLUMN column | ROWS}

Parameters

table: Name of the table that contains the column access policy to remove
column: Name of the column that contains the access policy to remove

Privileges

Non-superuser: Ownership of the table

Examples

These examples show various cases where you can drop an access policy.

Drop column access policy:

=> DROP ACCESS POLICY ON customer FOR COLUMN Customer_Number;

Drop row access policy on a table:

=> DROP ACCESS POLICY ON customer_info FOR ROWS;

16.2 - DROP AGGREGATE FUNCTION

Drops a user-defined aggregate function (UDAnF) from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP AGGREGATE FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]function( [ arglist ] )

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the function to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function

Specifies a name of the SQL function to drop. If the function name is schema-qualified, the function is dropped from the specified schema (as noted above).

arglist

A comma delimited list of argument names and data types that are passed to the function, formatted as follows:

{ [argname] argtype }[,...]

argname optionally specifies the argument name, typically a column name.
argtype specifies the argument's data type, where argtype matches a Vertica data type.

Privileges

Non-superuser: Owner

Requirements

To drop a function, you must specify the argument types because several functions might share the same name with different parameters.
Vertica does not check for dependencies, so if you drop a SQL function where other objects reference it (such as views or other SQL functions), Vertica returns an error when those objects are used and not when the function is dropped.

Examples

The following command drops the ag_avg function:

=> DROP AGGREGATE FUNCTION ag_avg(numeric);
DROP AGGREGATE FUNCTION

16.3 - DROP ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Drops a user-defined analytic function from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP ANALYTIC FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]function( [ arglist ] )

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the function to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function

Specifies a name of the SQL function to drop. If the function name is schema-qualified, the function is dropped from the specified schema (as noted above).

arglist

A comma delimited list of argument names and data types that are passed to the function, formatted as follows:

{ [argname] argtype }[,...]

argname optionally specifies the argument name, typically a column name.
argtype specifies the argument's data type, where argtype matches a Vertica data type.

Privileges

Non-superuser: Owner

Requirements

To drop a function, you must specify the argument types because several functions might share the same name with different parameters.
Vertica does not check for dependencies, so if you drop a SQL function where other objects reference it (such as views or other SQL functions), Vertica returns an error when those objects are used and not when the function is dropped.

Examples

The following command drops the analytic_avg function:

=> DROP ANALYTIC FUNCTION analytic_avg(numeric);
DROP ANALYTIC FUNCTION

16.4 - DROP AUTHENTICATION

Drops an authentication method.

Syntax

DROP AUTHENTICATION [ IF EXISTS ] auth-method-name [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the authentication method to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
auth-method-name: Name of the authentication method to drop.
CASCADE: Required if the authentication method to drop is granted to users. In this case, omission of this option causes the drop operation to fail.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Delete authentication method md5_auth:

=> DROP AUTHENTICATION md5_auth;

Use CASCADE to drop authentication method that was granted to a user:

=> CREATE AUTHENTICATION localpwd METHOD 'password' LOCAL;
=> GRANT AUTHENTICATION localpwd TO jsmith;
=> DROP AUTHENTICATION localpwd CASCADE;

16.5 - DROP CA BUNDLE

Drops a certificate authority (CA) bundle.

Syntax

DROP CA BUNDLE [ IF EXISTS ] name [,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Vertica does not report an error if the CA bundle to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
name: The name of the CA bundle.
CASCADE: Drops dependent objects before dropping the CA bundle.

Privileges

Ownership of the CA bundle

Examples

See Managing CA bundles.

16.6 - DROP CERTIFICATE

Drops a TLS certificate from the database.

To view existing certificates, query CERTIFICATES.

Syntax

DROP CERTIFICATE [ IF EXISTS ] certificate-name [,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Vertica does not report an error if the certificate to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
certificate-name: The name of the certificate to drop.
CASCADE: Drops dependent objects before dropping the certificate.

Privileges

Ownership of the certificate

Examples

Drop server_cert, if it exists:

=> DROP CERTIFICATE server_cert;
DROP CERTIFICATE;

Drop a CA certificate and its dependencies (typically the certificates that it has signed):

=> DROP CERTIFICATE ca_cert CASCADE;
DROP CERTIFICATE;

16.7 - DROP DIRECTED QUERY

Removes a directed query from the database.

Removes a directed query from the database. If the directed query is active, Vertica deactivates it before removal.

Syntax

DROP DIRECTED QUERY directed-query-id

Arguments

*directed-query-id*: Identifies the directed query to remove from the database. To obtain identifiers for directed queries, use GET DIRECTED QUERY, or query the system table DIRECTED_QUERIES.

Privileges

Superuser

16.8 - DROP FAULT GROUP

Removes the specified fault group and its child fault groups, placing all nodes under the parent of the dropped fault group.

To drop all fault groups, use ALTER DATABASE..DROP ALL FAULT GROUP.

To add an orphaned node back to a fault group, you must manually reassign it to a new or existing fault group with CREATE FAULT GROUP and ALTER FAULT GROUP...ADD NODE.

Tip

For a list of all fault groups defined in the cluster, query system table FAULT_GROUPS .

Syntax

DROP FAULT GROUP [ IF EXISTS ] fault-group

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if fault-group does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
fault-group: Specifies the name of the fault group to drop.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP FAULT GROUP group2;
DROP FAULT GROUP

16.9 - DROP FILTER

Drops a User Defined Load Filter function from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP FILTER [[database.]schema.]filter()

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
filter(): Specifies the filter function to drop. You must append empty parentheses to the function name.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Examples

The following command drops the Iconverter filter function::

=> drop filter Iconverter();
DROP FILTER

16.10 - DROP FUNCTION

Drops an SQL function or user‑defined functions (UDFs) from the Vertica catalog.

Drops an SQL function or user-defined functions (UDFs) from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]function[,...] ( [ arg-list ] )

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the function to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function

The SQL or user-defined function (UDF) to drop, where UDFs can be one of the following types:

Scalar function (UDSF)
Analytic function (UDAnF)
Load (UDL) functions: source, filter, and parser

Note

You drop aggregate and transformation functions with DROP AGGREGATE FUNCTION and DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION, respectively.

*arg-list*

A comma-delimited list of arguments as defined for this function when it was created, specified as follows:

[arg-name] arg-type[,...]

where arg-name optionally qualifies arg-type:

arg-name is typically a column name.
arg-type is the name of an SQL data type supported by Vertica.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Requirements

To drop a function, you must specify the argument types because several functions might share the same name with different parameters.
Vertica does not check for dependencies when you drop a SQL function, so if other objects reference it (such as views or other SQL functions), Vertica returns an error only when those objects are used.

Examples

The following command drops the zerowhennull function in the macros schema:

=>  DROP FUNCTION macros.zerowhennull(x INT);
DROP FUNCTION

16.11 - DROP KEY

Drops a cryptographic key from the database.

To view existing cryptographic keys, query CRYPTOGRAPHIC_KEYS.

Syntax

DROP KEY [ IF EXISTS ] key-name [,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Vertica does not report an error if the key to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
key-name: The name of the cryptographic key to drop.
CASCADE: Drops dependent objects before dropping the key.

Privileges

Ownership of the key

Examples

Drop k_ca, if it exists:

=> DROP KEY k_ca IF EXISTS;
DROP KEY;

Drop k_client and its dependencies (the certificate it's associated with):

=> DROP KEY k_client CASCADE;
DROP KEY;

16.12 - DROP LIBRARY

Removes a UDx library from the database.

Removes a UDx library from the database. The library file is deleted from managed directories on the Vertica nodes. The user-defined functions (UDFs) in the library are no longer available. See Developing user-defined extensions (UDxs) for details.

Syntax

DROP LIBRARY [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]library [  CASCADE]

Arguments

IF EXISTS: Execute this command only if the library exists. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*library*: The name of the library to drop, the same name used in CREATE LIBRARY to load the library.
CASCADE: Also drop any functions that were defined using the library. DROP LIBRARY fails if CASCADE is omitted and one or more UDxs use the target library.

Privileges

One of:

Superuser
UDXDEVELOPER and library owner (the user who created it with CREATE LIBRARY)
UDXDEVELOPER and DROP grant on the library (see GRANT (library))

Examples

A superuser can drop any library:

=> DROP LIBRARY ml.MyLib CASCADE;

Users with the UDXDEVELOPER role can drop libraries that they created:

=> GRANT UDXDEVELOPER TO alice, bob;
GRANT ROLE

=> \c - alice;
You are now connected as user "alice".

-- Must enable the role before using:
=> SET ROLE UDXDEVELOPER;
SET

-- Create and use ml.mylib...

-- Drop library and dependencies:
DROP LIBRARY ml.mylib CASCADE;
DROP LIBRARY

A user can be granted explicit permission to drop a library:

=> \c - alice
You are now connected as user "alice".

=> GRANT DROP ON LIBRARY ml.mylib to bob;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

=> \c - bob
You are now connected as user "bob".

=> SET ROLE UDXDEVELOPER;
SET

=> DROP LIBRARY ml.mylib cascade;
DROP LIBRARY

16.13 - DROP LOAD BALANCE GROUP

Deletes a load balancing group.

Syntax

DROP LOAD BALANCE GROUP [ IF EXISTS ] group_name [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the load balance group to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
group_name: The name of the group to drop.
[CASCADE]: Also drops all load balancing routing rules that target this group. If you do not supply this keyword and one or more routing rules target group_name, this statement fails with an error message.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following statement demonstrates the error you get if the load balancing group has a dependent routing rule, and the use of the CASCADE keyword:

=> DROP LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_all;
NOTICE 4927:  The RoutingRule catch_all depends on LoadBalanceGroup group_all
ROLLBACK 3128:  DROP failed due to dependencies
DETAIL:  Cannot drop LoadBalanceGroup group_all because other objects depend on it
HINT:  Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too

=> DROP LOAD BALANCE GROUP group_all CASCADE;
DROP LOAD BALANCE GROUP

16.14 - DROP MODEL

Removes one or more models from the Vertica database.

Syntax

DROP MODEL [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]model[,...]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the models to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
model: The model to drop.

Privileges

One of the following:

Superuser
Non-superuser: model owner

Examples

See Dropping models.

16.15 - DROP NETWORK ADDRESS

Deletes a network address from the catalog.

Deletes a network address from the catalog. A network address is a name for a IP address and port on a node for use in connection load balancing policies.

Syntax

DROP NETWORK ADDRESS [ IF EXISTS ] address-name [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the network address to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
address-name: Name of the network address to drop.
CASCADE: Removes the network address from any load balancing groups that target it. If you do not supply this keyword and one or more load balance groups include this address, this statement fails with an error message.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

The following statement demonstrates the error you get if the network address has a dependent load balance group, and the use of the CASCADE keyword:

=> DROP NETWORK ADDRESS node01;
NOTICE 4927:  The LoadBalanceGroup group_1 depends on NetworkInterface node01
NOTICE 4927:  The LoadBalanceGroup group_random depends on NetworkInterface node01
ROLLBACK 3128:  DROP failed due to dependencies
DETAIL:  Cannot drop NetworkInterface node01 because other objects depend on it
HINT:  Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too
=> DROP NETWORK ADDRESS node01 CASCADE;
DROP NETWORK ADDRESS

16.16 - DROP NETWORK INTERFACE

Removes a network interface from Vertica.

Removes a network interface from Vertica. You can use the CASCADE option to also remove the network interface from any node definition. (See Identify the database or nodes used for import/export for more information.)

Syntax

DROP NETWORK INTERFACE [ IF EXISTS ] network-interface-name [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

The parameters are defined as follows:

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the network interface to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
network-interface-name: The network interface to remove.
CASCADE: Removes the network interface from all node definitions.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP NETWORK INTERFACE myNetwork;

16.17 - DROP NOTIFIER

Drops a push-based notifier created by CREATE NOTIFIER.

Drops a push-based notifier created by CREATE NOTIFIER.

Syntax

DROP NOTIFIER [ IF EXISTS ] notifier-name [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if notifier to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
notifier-name: The notifier's unique identifier.
CASCADE: Removes the notifier from any data collector (DC) table policies before dropping the notifier. If the notifier is set for a DC table and CASCADE is not specified, the DROP command fails.
To manually remove the notifier from DC table policies, use the SET_DATA_COLLECTOR_NOTIFY_POLICY function.

Examples

Drop the requests_issued notifier, specifying CASCADE to remove it from any DC table policies:

DROP NOTIFIER requests_issued CASCADE;

16.18 - DROP PARSER

Drops a User Defined Load Parser function from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP PARSER[[database.]schema.]parser()

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
parser(): The name of the parser function to drop. You must append empty parentheses to the function name.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Examples

=> DROP PARSER BasicIntegerParser();
DROP PARSER

16.19 - DROP PROCEDURE (external)

Removes an external procedure from Vertica.

Enterprise Mode only

Removes an external procedure from Vertica. Only the reference to the procedure inside Vertica is removed. The external file remains in the database/procedures directory of each database node.

Syntax

DROP PROCEDURE [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]procedure( [ parameter-list ] )

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the procedure to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

procedure

Specifies the procedure to drop.

parameter-list

A comma-delimited list of formal parameters defined for this procedure, specified as follows:

[parameter-name] parameter-type[,...]

where parameter-name optionally qualifies parameter-type.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Examples

=> DROP PROCEDURE helloplanet(arg1 varchar);

16.20 - DROP PROCEDURE (stored)

Drops a stored procedure.

Syntax

DROP PROCEDURE [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]procedure( [ parameter-type-list] );

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the procedure to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*procedure*: The name of the stored procedure, where procedure conforms to conventions described in Identifiers.
parameter-type-list: A comma-delimited list of the IN parameters' types.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Examples

Given the following procedure:

=> CREATE PROCEDURE raiseXY(IN x INT, y VARCHAR) LANGUAGE PLvSQL AS $$
BEGIN
    RAISE NOTICE 'x = %', x;
    RAISE NOTICE 'y = %', y;
    -- some processing statements
END;
$$;

CALL raiseXY(3, 'some string');
NOTICE 2005:  x = 3
NOTICE 2005:  y = some string

You can drop it with:

=> DROP PROCEDURE raiseXY(INT, VARCHAR);
DROP PROCEDURE

For more information on RAISE NOTICE, see Errors and diagnostics.

16.21 - DROP PROFILE

Removes a user-defined profile (created by CREATE PROFILE) from the database.

Removes a user-defined profile (created by CREATE PROFILE) from the database. You cannot drop the DEFAULT profile.

Syntax

DROP PROFILE [ IF EXISTS ] profile-name[,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the profile to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
profile-name: The profile to drop.
CASCADE: Moves all users assigned to the dropped profiles to the DEFAULT profile. If you omit this option and a targeted profile has users assigned to it, Vertica returns an error.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP PROFILE sample_profile;

16.22 - DROP PROJECTION

Marks a to drop from the catalog so it is unavailable to user queries.

Marks a projection to drop from the catalog so it is unavailable to user queries.

Syntax

DROP PROJECTION [ IF EXISTS ] { [[database.]schema.]projection[,...] } [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the projection to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*projection*

Specifies a projection to drop:

If the projection is unsegmented, all projection replicas in the database cluster are dropped.
If the projection is segmented, drop all buddy projections by specifying the projection base name. You can also specify the name of a specific buddy projection as long as dropping it so does not violate system K-safety.

See Projection naming for projection name conventions.

RESTRICT | CASCADE

Specifies whether to drop the projection when it contains objects:

RESTRICT (default): Drop the projection only if it contains no objects.
CASCADE: Drop the projection even if it contains objects.

Privileges

Non-superuser: owner of the anchor table

Restrictions

The following restrictions apply to dropping a projection:

The projection cannot be the anchor table's superprojection.
You cannot drop a buddy projection if doing so violates system K-safety.
Another projection must be available to enforce the same primary or unique key constraint.

16.23 - DROP RESOURCE POOL

Drops a user-created resource pool.

Drops a user-created resource pool. All memory allocated to the pool is returned back to the GENERAL pool.

Syntax

DROP RESOURCE POOL pool-name [ FOR subcluster-spec ]

Parameters

pool-name

Specifies the resource pool to drop.

FOR subcluster-spec

Eon Mode only, drops this resource pool from the specified subcluster, where subcluster-spec is one of the following:

SUBCLUSTER subcluster-name: Drops pool-name from the named subcluster . You cannot be connected to this subcluster, otherwise Vertica returns an error.
CURRENT SUBCLUSTER: Drops pool-name from the subcluster that you are connected to.

If you omit this parameter, the resource pool is dropped from all subclusters. If a resource pool was created for an individual subcluster, you must explicitly drop it from that subcluster by specifying this parameter; otherwise, Vertica returns an error.

Privileges

Superuser

Dropping a secondary pool

If you try to drop a resource pool that is a secondary pool for another resource pool, Vertica returns an error. The error lists the resource pools that depend on the secondary pool you tried to drop. To drop a secondary resource pool, first set the CASCADE TO parameter to DEFAULT on the primary resource pool, and then drop the secondary pool.

For example, you can drop resource pool rp2, which is a secondary pool for rp1, as follows:

=> ALTER RESOURCE POOL rp1 CASCADE TO DEFAULT;
=> DROP RESOURCE POOL rp2;

Transferring resource requests

Any requests queued against the pool are transferred to the GENERAL pool according to the priority of the pool compared to the GENERAL pool. If the pool’s priority is higher than the GENERAL pool, the requests are placed at the head of the queue; otherwise the requests are placed at the end of the queue.

Any users who are using the pool are switched to use the GENERAL pool with a NOTICE:

NOTICE:  Switched the following users to the General pool: username

DROP RESOURCE POOL returns an error if the user does not have permission to use the GENERAL pool. Existing sessions are transferred to the GENERAL pool regardless of whether the session's user has permission to use the GENERAL pool. This can result in additional user privileges if the pool being dropped is more restrictive than the GENERAL pool. To prevent giving users additional privileges, follow this procedure to drop restrictive pools:

Revoke the permissions on the pool for all users.
Close any sessions that had permissions on the pool.
Drop the resource pool.

Examples

This example drops a user-defined resource pool:

=> DROP RESOURCE POOL ceo_pool;

This Eon Mode example returns the current subcluster, then drops a user-defined resource pool for the current subcluster:

=> SELECT CURRENT_SUBCLUSTER_NAME();
 CURRENT_SUBCLUSTER_NAME
-------------------------
 analytics_1
(1 row)

=> DROP RESOURCE POOL dashboard FOR CURRENT SUBCLUSTER;
DROP RESOURCE POOL

16.24 - DROP ROLE

Removes a role from the database.

Note

You cannot use DROP ROLE on a role added to the Vertica database with the LDAPLink service.

Syntax

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] role-name[,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the roles to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
role-name: The name of the role to drop
CASCADE: Revoke the role from users and other roles before dropping the role

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP ROLE appadmin;
NOTICE:  User bob depends on Role appadmin
ROLLBACK:  DROP ROLE failed due to dependencies
DETAIL:  Cannot drop Role appadmin because other objects depend on it
HINT:  Use DROP ROLE ... CASCADE to remove granted roles from the dependent users/roles
=> DROP ROLE appadmin CASCADE;
DROP ROLE

16.25 - DROP ROUTING RULE

Deletes a routing rule from the catalog.

Syntax

DROP ROUTING RULE [ IF EXISTS ] rule-name

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the routing rule to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
*rule-name*: Name of the rule to drop.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP ROUTING RULE internal_clients;
DROP ROUTING RULE

16.26 - DROP SCHEMA

Permanently removes a schema from the database.

Permanently removes a schema from the database. Be sure that you want to remove the schema before you drop it, because DROP SCHEMA is an irreversible process. Use the CASCADE parameter to drop a schema containing one or more objects.

Syntax

DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] [database.]schema[,...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the schemas to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Name of the schema to drop. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
CASCADE: Specifies to drop the schema and all objects in it, regardless of who owns those objects.

Caution
Objects in other schemas that depend on objects in the dropped schema—for example, user-defined functions—also are silently dropped.
RESTRICT: Drops the schema only if it is empty (default).

Privileges

Non-superuser: schema owner

Restrictions

You cannot drop the PUBLIC schema.
If a user is accessing an object within a schema that is in the process of being dropped, the schema is not deleted until the transaction completes.
Canceling a DROP SCHEMA statement can cause unpredictable results.

Examples

The following example drops schema S1 only if it doesn't contain any objects:

=> DROP SCHEMA S1;

The following example drops schema S1 whether or not it contains objects:

=> DROP SCHEMA S1 CASCADE;

16.27 - DROP SEQUENCE

Removes the specified named sequence number generator.

Syntax

DROP SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]sequence[,...]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the sequences to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
sequence: Name of the sequence to drop.

Privileges

Non-superusers: sequence or schema owner

Restrictions

For sequences specified in a table's default expression, the default expression fails the next time you try to load data. Vertica does not check for these instances.
DROP SEQUENCE does not support the CASCADE keyword. Sequences used in a default expression of a column cannot be dropped until all references to the sequence are removed from the default expression.

Examples

The following command drops the sequence named sequential.

=> DROP SEQUENCE sequential;

16.28 - DROP SOURCE

Drops a User Defined Load Source function from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP SOURCE [[database.]schema.]source()

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
source(): Specifies the source function to drop. You must append empty parentheses to the function name.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner or DROP privilege
USAGE privilege on schema

Examples

The following command drops the curl source function:

=> DROP SOURCE curl();
DROP SOURCE

16.29 - DROP SUBNET

Removes a subnet from Vertica.

Caution

Before removing a subnet, be sure your database is not configured to allow export on the public subnet.

Syntax

DROP SUBNET [ IF EXISTS ] subnet-name[,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

The parameters are defined as follows:

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the subnets to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
subnet-name: A subnet to remove.
CASCADE: Removes the specified subnets from all database definitions.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

=> DROP SUBNET mySubnet;

16.30 - DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE;delete table;.

Removes one or more tables and their projections. When you run DROP TABLE, the change is auto-committed.

Syntax

DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ [database.]schema.]table[,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if one or more of the tables to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*table*: The table to drop.
CASCADE: Specifies to drop all projections of the target tables. CASCADE is optional if the target tables have only auto-projections. If you omit this option and any of the tables has non-superprojections, Vertica returns an error and rolls back the entire drop operation.
This option is not valid for external tables.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Table: owner, or DROP privilege
Table schema: owner, or USAGE privilege

Requirements

Do not cancel an executing DROP TABLE. Doing so can leave the database in an inconsistent state.
Check that the target table is not in use, either directly or indirectly—for example, in a view.
If you drop and restore a table that is referenced by a view, the new table must have the same name and column definitions.

Examples

See Dropping tables

16.31 - DROP TEXT INDEX

Drops a text index used to perform text searches.

Note

When a source table is dropped that has a text index associated with it, the text index is also dropped.

Syntax

DROP TEXT INDEX [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]idx-table

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the text index to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*idx-table*: Specifies the text index name. When using more than one schema, specify the schema that contains the index in the DROP TEXT INDEX statement.

Privileges

dbadmin
Table owner
DROP privileges on the source table

Examples

=> DROP TEXT INDEX t_text_index;
DROP INDEX

16.32 - DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION

Drops a user-defined transform function (UDTF) from the Vertica catalog.

Syntax

DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]function( [ arg-list ] )

Parameters

IF EXISTS

Specifies not to report an error if the function to drop does not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function

Specifies the transform function to drop.

*arg-list*

A comma-delimited list of arguments as defined for this function when it was created, specified as follows:

[arg-name] arg-type[,...]

where arg-name optionally qualifies arg-type:

arg-name is typically a column name.
arg-type is the name of an SQL data type supported by Vertica.

Note

You can omit arg-list when dropping a polymorphic function.

Privileges

One of the following:

Superuser
Schema or function owner

Examples

The following command drops the tokenize UDTF in the macros schema:

=> DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION macros.tokenize(varchar);
DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION

The following command drops the Pagerank polymorphic function in the online schema:

=> DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION online.Pagerank();
DROP TRANSFORM FUNCTION

16.33 - DROP USER

Removes a name from the list of authorized database users.

Note

DROP USER can not remove a user that was added to the Vertica database with the LDAPLink service.

Syntax

DROP USER [ IF EXISTS ] user-name[,...] [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Do not report an error if the users to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
user-name: Name of a user to drop.
CASCADE: Drop all user-defined objects created by user-name, including schemas, tables and all views that reference the table, and projections of that table.

Caution
Tables owned by the dropped user cannot be recovered after you issue DROP USER CASCADE.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

DROP USER succeeds if no user-defined objects exist:

=> CREATE USER user2;
CREATE USER
=> DROP USER IF EXISTS user2;
DROP USER

DROP USER fails if objects that the user created still exist:

=> DROP USER IF EXISTS user1;
NOTICE:  Table T_tbd1 depends on User user1
ROLLBACK:  DROP failed due to dependencies
DETAIL:  Cannot drop User user1 because other objects depend on it
HINT:  Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too

DROP USER CASCADE succeeds regardless of any existing user-defined objects. The statement forcibly drops all user-defined objects, such as schemas, tables and their associated projections:

=> DROP USER IF EXISTS user1 CASCADE;
DROP USER

16.34 - DROP VIEW

Removes the specified view.

Removes the specified view. Vertica does not check for dependencies on the dropped view. After dropping a view, other views that reference it fail.

If you drop a view and replace it with another view or table with the same name and column names, other views that reference that name use the new view. If you change the column data type in the new view, the server coerces the old data type to the new one if possible; otherwise, it returns an error.

Syntax

DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] [[database.]schema.]view[,...]

Parameters

IF EXISTS: Specifies not to report an error if the views to drop do not exist. Use this clause in SQL scripts to avoid errors on dropping non-existent objects before attempting to create them.
[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
view: Name of a view to drop.

Privileges

One of the following

View owner and USAGE privileges
Schema owner

Examples

=> DROP VIEW myview;

17 - END

Ends the current transaction and makes all changes that occurred during the transaction permanent and visible to other users.

Note

COMMIT is a synonym for END.

Syntax

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

Parameters

WORK | TRANSACTION: Optional keywords that have no effect, for readability only.

Privileges

None

Examples

=> BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED READ WRITE;
BEGIN
=> CREATE TABLE sample_table (a INT);
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO sample_table (a) VALUES (1);
OUTPUT
--------
1
(1 row)

=> END;
COMMIT

18 - EXPLAIN

Returns a formatted description of the Vertica optimizer's plan for executing the specified statement.

Syntax

EXPLAIN [/*+ ALLNODES */] [explain-options] sql-statement

Parameters

/*+ALLNODES*/

Specifies to create a query plan that assumes all nodes are active, not valid with LOCAL option.

explain-options

One or more EXPLAIN options, specified in the order shown:

[ LOCAL ] [ VERBOSE ] [ JSON ] [ ANNOTATED ]

LOCAL: On a multi-node database, shows the local query plans assigned to each node, which together comprise the total (global) query plan. If you omit this option, Vertica shows only the global query plan. Local query plans are shown only in DOT language source, which can be rendered in Graphviz.

This option is incompatible with the hint /*+ALL NODES*/. If you specify both, EXPLAIN returns with an error.
VERBOSE: Increases the level of detail in the rendered query plan.
JSON: Renders the query plan in JSON format. This option is compatible only with VERBOSE.
ANNOTATED: Embeds optimizer hints that encapsulate the query plan for this query. Vertica uses these hints to create directed queries. For more information, see Directed queries. This option is compatible with LOCAL and VERBOSE.

sql-statement

A query or DML statement—for example, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, COPY, and MERGE.

Privileges

The same privileges required by the specified statement.

Requirements

The following requirements apply to EXPLAIN's ability to produce useful information:

Reasonably representative statistics of your data must be available. See Collecting Statistics for details.
EXPLAIN produces useful output only if projections are available for the queried tables.
Qualifier options must be specified in the order shown earlier, otherwise EXPLAIN returns with an error. If an option is incompatible with any preceding options, EXPLAIN ignores them.

Examples

See Viewing query plans.

19 - EXPORT TO DELIMITED

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to delimited files.

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to delimited files. The files can be read back in using DELIMITED (parser). Several exporter parameters have corresponding parser parameters, allowing you to change delimiters, null indicators, and other formatting.

There are some limitations on the queries you can use in an export statement. See Query Restrictions.

You can export data stored in Vertica in ROS format and data from external tables.

This statement returns the number of rows written and logs information about exported files in a system table. See Monitoring exports.

During an export to HDFS or an NFS mount point, Vertica writes files to a temporary directory in the same location as the destination and renames the directory when the export is complete. Do not attempt to use the files in the temporary directory. During an export to S3, GCS, or Azure, Vertica writes files directly to the destination path, so you must wait for the export to finish before reading the files. For more information, see Exporting to object stores.

Syntax


EXPORT [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ] TO DELIMITED ( directory=path[, param=value [,...] ]
   [ OVER (over-clause ) ] AS SELECT query-expression

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

directory

The destination directory for the output files. The directory must not exist, and the current user must have permission to write it. The destination can be on any of the following file systems:

HDFS file system
S3 object store
Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store
Azure Blob Storage object store
Linux file system, either an NFS mount or local storage on each node

filename

If specified, all output is written to a single file of this name in the location specified by directory. While the query can be processed by multiple nodes, only a single node generates the output data. The fileSizeMB parameter is ignored, and the query cannot use partitioning in the OVER() clause.

addHeader

Boolean, specifies whether to add a header row to the beginning of each file.

Default: false

delimiter

Column delimiter character. To produce CSV in accordance with RFC 4180, set the delimiter character to , (comma).

Default: | (vertical bar)

recordTerminator

Character that marks the record end.

Default: \n

enclosedBy

Character to use to enclose string and date/time data. If you omit this parameter, no character encloses these data types.

Default: '' (empty string)

escapeAs

Character to use to escape values in exported data that must be escaped, including the enclosedBy value.

Default: \ (backslash)

nullAs

String to represent null values in the data. If this parameter is included, the exporter exports all null values as this value. Otherwise, the exporter exports null values as zero-length strings.

binaryTypesFormat

Format for exported binary data type (BINARY, VARBINARY, and LONG VARBINARY) values, one of the following:

Default: Printable ASCII characters where possible and escaped octal representations of the non-printable bytes. The DELIMITED parser reads this format.
Hex: Base 16 (hexadecimal) representation; value is preceded by '0x' and bytes are not escaped.
Octal: Base 8 (octal) representation, without escaping.
Bitstring: Binary representation, without escaping.

For example, the value a\000b\001c can be exported as follows:

Default (assuming an escape character of \): a\\000b\\001c
Hex: 0x6100620163
Octal: 141000142001143
Bitstring: 0110000100000000011000100000000101100011

compression

Compression type, one of:

Uncompressed
BZip
GZip

Default: Uncompressed

fileExtension

Output file extension. If using compression, a compression-specific extension such as .bz2 is appended.

Default: csv

fileSizeMB

The maximum file size of a single output file. This value is a hint, not a hard limit. A value of 0 specifies no limit. If filename is also specified, fileSizeMB is ignored.

This value affects the size of individual output files, not the total output size. For smaller values, Vertica divides the output into more files; all data is still exported.

Default: 10GB

fileMode

For writes to HDFS only, permission to apply to all exported files. You can specify the value in Unix octal format (such as 665) or user-group-other format—for example, rwxr-xr-x. The value must be formatted as a string even if using the octal format.

Valid octal values range between 0 and 1777, inclusive. See HDFS Permissions in the Apache Hadoop documentation.

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 660, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

dirMode

For writes to HDFS only, permission to apply to all exported directories. Values follow the same rules as those for fileMode. Further, you must give the Vertica HDFS user full permission, at least rwx------ or 700.

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 755, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

Arguments

over-clause

Specifies how to partition table data using PARTITION BY. Within partitions you can sort using ORDER BY. See SQL analytics. This clause may contain column references but not expressions.

If you partition data, Vertica creates a Hive-style partition directory structure, transforming column names to lowercase. See Using partition columns for a description of the directory structure. If you use the fileName parameter, you cannot use partitioning. Not all parsers can read partition columns as columns.

If you omit this clause, Vertica optimizes for maximum parallelism.

query-expression

Specifies the data to export. See Query Restrictions for important limitations.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Destination directory: Write

Query restrictions

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

You must provide an alias column label for selected column targets that are expressions.

The query can contain only a single outer SELECT statement. For example, you cannot use UNION:

=> EXPORT TO DELIMITED(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
   UNION ALL
   SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash;
ERROR 8975:  Only a single outer SELECT statement is supported
HINT:  Please use a subquery for multiple outer SELECT statements

Instead, rewrite the query to use a subquery:

=> EXPORT TO DELIMITED(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT
    account_id,
    json
   FROM
   (
     SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash
   ) a;
 Rows Exported
---------------
             2
(1 row)

To use composite statements such as UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, rewrite them as subqueries.

Data types

This operation exports raw Flex columns as binary data.

Output

The export operation always creates an output directory, even if all output is written to a single file or the query produces zero rows.

Output file names follow the pattern: [8-character-hash]-[nodename]-[thread-id].fileExtension.

Column names in partition directories are lowercase.

Files exported to a local file system by any Vertica user are owned by the Vertica superuser. Files exported to HDFS or object stores are owned by the Vertica user who exported the data.

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

Avoid concurrent exports to the same output destination. Doing so is an error on any file system and can produce incorrect results.
Use a shared file location for output. If you use a directory in the local file system, it must be an NFS-mounted directory.
For output to the local file system, you must have a USER storage location.
When exporting to the local file system, the permission mode is 700 for directories and 600 for files. You cannot override these values.

For restrictions specific to object stores (S3, GCS, or Azure), see Exporting to object stores.

Examples

The following example exports uncompressed comma-separated values (CSV) with a header row in each file:

=> EXPORT TO DELIMITED(directory='webhdfs:///user1/data', delimiter=',', addHeader='true')
  AS SELECT * FROM public.sales;

20 - EXPORT TO JSON

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to JSON files.

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to JSON files. The files can be read back into Vertica using FJSONPARSER (parser).

There are some limitations on the queries you can use in an export statement. See Query Restrictions.

You can export data stored in Vertica in ROS format and data from external tables.

This statement returns the number of rows written and logs information about exported files in a system table. See Monitoring exports.

Syntax


EXPORT [ /*+LABEL (label)*/ ] TO JSON ( directory=path[, param=value [,...] ]
   [ OVER (over-clause ) ] AS SELECT query-expression

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

directory

The destination directory for the output files. The directory must not exist, and the current user must have permission to write it. The destination can be on any of the following file systems:

HDFS file system
S3 object store
Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store
Azure Blob Storage object store
Linux file system, either an NFS mount or local storage on each node

filename

omitNullFields

Boolean, whether to omit ROW fields with null values.

Default: false

compression

Compression type, one of:

Uncompressed
BZip
GZip

Default: Uncompressed

fileSizeMB

The maximum file size of a single output file. This value is a hint, not a hard limit. A value of 0 specifies no limit. If filename is also specified, fileSizeMB is ignored.

This value affects the size of individual output files, not the total output size. For smaller values, Vertica divides the output into more files; all data is still exported.

Default: 10GB

fileMode

Valid octal values range between 0 and 1777, inclusive. See HDFS Permissions in the Apache Hadoop documentation.

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 660, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

dirMode

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 755, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

Arguments

over-clause

Specifies how to partition table data using PARTITION BY. Within partitions you can sort using ORDER BY. See SQL analytics. This clause may contain column references but not expressions.

If you omit this clause, Vertica optimizes for maximum parallelism.

query-expression

Specifies the data to export. See Query Restrictions for important limitations.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Destination directory: Write

Query restrictions

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

You must provide an alias column label for selected column targets that are expressions.

The query can contain only a single outer SELECT statement. For example, you cannot use UNION:

=> EXPORT TO JSON(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
   UNION ALL
   SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash;
ERROR 8975:  Only a single outer SELECT statement is supported
HINT:  Please use a subquery for multiple outer SELECT statements

Instead, rewrite the query to use a subquery:

=> EXPORT TO JSON(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT
    account_id,
    json
   FROM
   (
     SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash
   ) a;
 Rows Exported
---------------
             2
(1 row)

To use composite statements such as UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, rewrite them as subqueries.

Data types

EXPORT TO JSON can export ARRAY and ROW types in any combination.

EXPORT TO JSON does not support binary output (VARBINARY).

Output

The export operation always creates an output directory, even if all output is written to a single file or the query produces zero rows.

Output file names follow the pattern: [8-character-hash]-[nodename]-[thread-id].json.

Column names in partition directories are lowercase.

Files exported to a local file system by any Vertica user are owned by the Vertica superuser. Files exported to HDFS or object stores are owned by the Vertica user who exported the data.

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

Avoid concurrent exports to the same output destination. Doing so is an error on any file system and can produce incorrect results.
Use a shared file location for output. If you use a directory in the local file system, it must be an NFS-mounted directory.
For output to the local file system, you must have a USER storage location.
When exporting to the local file system, the permission mode is 700 for directories and 600 for files. You cannot override these values.

For restrictions specific to object stores (S3, GCS, or Azure), see Exporting to object stores.

Examples

In the following example, one of the ROW elements has a null value, which is omitted in the output. EXPORT TO JSON writes each JSON record on one line; line breaks have been inserted into the following output for readability:

=> SELECT name, menu FROM restaurants;
       name        |                                     menu

-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
 Bob's pizzeria    | [{"item":"cheese pizza","price":null},{"item":"spinach pizza","price":10.5}]
 Bakersfield Tacos | [{"item":"veggie taco","price":9.95},{"item":"steak taco","price":10.95}]
(2 rows)

=> EXPORT TO JSON (directory='/output/json', omitNullFields=true)
   AS SELECT * FROM restaurants;
 Rows Exported
---------------
             2
(1 row)

=> \! cat /output/json/*.json
{"name":"Bob's pizzeria","cuisine":"Italian","location_city":["Cambridge","Pittsburgh"],
 "menu":[{"item":"cheese pizza"},{"item":"spinach pizza","price":10.5}]}
{"name":"Bakersfield Tacos","cuisine":"Mexican","location_city":["Pittsburgh"],
 "menu":[{"item":"veggie taco","price":9.95},{"item":"steak taco","price":10.95}]}

21 - EXPORT TO ORC

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to files in the ORC format.

You can use an OVER() clause to partition the data before export. You can partition data instead of or in addition to exporting the column data. Partitioning data can improve query performance by enabling partition pruning. See Improving query performance.

There are some limitations on the queries you can use in an export statement. See Query Restrictions.

You can export data stored in Vertica in ROS format and data from external tables.

This statement returns the number of rows written and logs information about exported files in a system table. See Monitoring exports.

Syntax


EXPORT [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ] TO ORC ( directory=path[, param=value [,...] ] )
   [ OVER (over-clause ) ] AS SELECT query-expression

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

directory

The destination directory for the output files. The directory must not exist, and the current user must have permission to write it. The destination can be on any of the following file systems:

HDFS file system
S3 object store
Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store
Azure Blob Storage object store
Linux file system, either an NFS mount or local storage on each node

filename

compression

Column compression type, one of:

Zlib
Uncompressed

Default: Zlib

stripeSizeMB

The uncompressed size of exported stripes in MB, an integer value between 1 and 1024, inclusive.

Default: 250

rowIndexStride

Integer that specifies how frequently the exporter builds indexing statistics in the output, between 1 and 1000000 (1 million), inclusive. A value of 0 disables indexing. The exporter builds statistics after every rowIndexStride rows in each stripe, or once for stripes < rowIndexStride.

Default: 1000

fileSizeMB

The maximum file size of a single output file. This value is a hint, not a hard limit. A value of 0 specifies no limit. If filename is also specified, fileSizeMB is ignored.

This value affects the size of individual output files, not the total output size. For smaller values, Vertica divides the output into more files; all data is still exported.

Default: 10GB

fileMode

Valid octal values range between 0 and 1777, inclusive. See HDFS Permissions in the Apache Hadoop documentation.

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 660, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

dirMode

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 755, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

Arguments

over-clause

Specifies how to partition table data using PARTITION BY. Within partitions you can sort using ORDER BY. See SQL analytics. This clause may contain column references but not expressions.

If you omit this clause, Vertica optimizes for maximum parallelism.

query-expression

Specifies the data to export. See Query Restrictions for important limitations.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Destination directory: Write

Query restrictions

You must provide an alias column label for selected column targets that are expressions.

The query can contain only a single outer SELECT statement. For example, you cannot use UNION as in the following example.

=> EXPORT TO ORC(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
   UNION ALL
   SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash;
ERROR 8975:  Only a single outer SELECT statement is supported
HINT:  Please use a subquery for multiple outer SELECT statements

Instead, rewrite the query to use a subquery:

=> EXPORT TO ORC(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT
    account_id,
    json
   FROM
   (
     SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash
   ) a;
 Rows Exported
---------------
             2
(1 row)

To use composite statements such as UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, rewrite them as subqueries.

Data types

EXPORT TO ORC converts Vertica data types to Hive data types as shown in the following table.

Vertica Data Type	Hive Data Type
INTEGER BIGINT	BIGINT
FLOAT DECIMAL SMALLINT TINYIN CHAR BOOLEAN	Corresponding Hive type
VARCHAR LONG VARCHAR	VARCHAR (max 64KB) or STRING (can be read as either)
BINARY VARBINARY LONG VARBINARY	BINARY
DATE	DATE if supported by your version of Hive, otherwise INT96 (can be read as TIMESTAMP)
TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMPTZ	TIMESTAMP. Vertica does not convert TIMESTAMP values to UTC. To avoid problems arising from time zones, use TIMESTAMPTZ instead of TIMESTAMP.
TIME TIMEZ INTERVAL UUID	Not supported
ARRAY	ARRAY
SET ROW	Not supported

Decimal precision must be <= 38.

The exported Hive types might not be identical to the Vertica types. For example, a Vertica INT is exported as a Hive BIGINT. When defining Hive external tables to read exported data, you might have to adjust column definitions.

This operation exports raw Flex columns as binary data.

Output

The export operation always creates an output directory, even if all output is written to a single file or the query produces zero rows.

Output file names follow the pattern: [8-character-hash]-[nodename]-[thread-id].orc.

Column names in partition directories are lowercase.

Files exported to a local file system by any Vertica user are owned by the Vertica superuser. Files exported to HDFS or object stores are owned by the Vertica user who exported the data.

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

Avoid concurrent exports to the same output destination. Doing so is an error on any file system and can produce incorrect results.
Use a shared file location for output. If you use a directory in the local file system, it must be an NFS-mounted directory.
For output to the local file system, you must have a USER storage location.
When exporting to the local file system, the permission mode is 700 for directories and 600 for files. You cannot override these values.

For restrictions specific to object stores (S3, GCS, or Azure), see Exporting to object stores.

Examples

The following example demonstrates partitioning and exporting data. EXPORT TO ORC first partitions the data on region and then, within each partition, sorts by store.

=> EXPORT TO ORC(directory='gs://DataLake/user2/data')
  OVER(PARTITION BY store.region ORDER BY store.ID)
  AS SELECT sale.price, sale.date, store.ID
  FROM public.sales sale
  JOIN public.vendor store ON sale.distribID = store.ID;

For more examples, see EXPORT TO PARQUET, which (aside from a few parameters) behaves the same as EXPORT TO ORC.

22 - EXPORT TO PARQUET

Exports a table, columns from a table, or query results to files in the Parquet format.

There are some limitations on the queries you can use in an export statement. See Query Restrictions.

You can export data stored in Vertica in ROS format and data from external tables.

This statement returns the number of rows written and logs information about exported files in a system table. See Monitoring exports.

After you export data, you can use the GET_METADATA function to inspect the results.

Syntax


EXPORT [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ] TO PARQUET ( directory=path[, param=value [,...] ] )
   [ OVER (over-clause ) ] AS SELECT query-expression

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

directory

The destination directory for the output files. The directory must not exist, and the current user must have permission to write it. The destination can be on any of the following file systems:

HDFS file system
S3 object store
Google Cloud Storage (GCS) object store
Azure Blob Storage object store
Linux file system, either an NFS mount or local storage on each node

filename

compression

Column compression type, one of:

Snappy
GZIP
Brotli
ZSTD
Uncompressed

Default: Snappy

rowGroupSizeMB

The uncompressed size of exported row groups, in MB, an integer value between 1 and fileSizeMB , inclusive, or unlimited if fileSizeMB is 0.

The row groups in the exported files are smaller than this value because Parquet files are compressed on write. For best performance when exporting to HDFS, set size to be smaller than the HDFS block size.

Row-group size affects memory consumption during export. An export thread consumes at least double the row-group size. The default value of 512MB is a compromise between writing larger row groups and allowing enough free memory for other Vertica operations. If you perform exports when the database is not otherwise under heavy load, you can improve read performance on the exported data by increasing row-group size on export. However, row groups that span multiple blocks on HDFS decrease read performance by requiring more I/O, so do not set the row-group size to be larger than your HDFS block size.

Default: 512

fileSizeMB

The maximum file size of a single output file. This value is a hint, not a hard limit. A value of 0 specifies no limit. If filename is also specified, fileSizeMB is ignored.

This value affects the size of individual output files, not the total output size. For smaller values, Vertica divides the output into more files; all data is still exported.

Default: 10GB

fileMode

Valid octal values range between 0 and 1777, inclusive. See HDFS Permissions in the Apache Hadoop documentation.

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 660, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

dirMode

When writing files to any destination other than HDFS, this parameter has no effect.

Default: 755, regardless of the value of fs.permissions.umask-mode in hdfs-site.xml.

int96AsTimestamp

Boolean, specifies whether to export timestamps as int96 physical type (true) or int64 physical type (false).

Default: true

Arguments

over-clause

Specifies how to partition table data using PARTITION BY. Within partitions you can sort using ORDER BY. See SQL analytics. This clause may contain column references but not expressions.

If you omit this clause, Vertica optimizes for maximum parallelism.

query-expression

Specifies the data to export. See Query Restrictions for important limitations.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Destination directory: Write

Query restrictions

You must provide an alias column label for selected column targets that are expressions.

The query can contain only a single outer SELECT statement. For example, you cannot use UNION as in the following example.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
   UNION ALL
   SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash;
ERROR 8975:  Only a single outer SELECT statement is supported
HINT:  Please use a subquery for multiple outer SELECT statements

Instead, rewrite the query to use a subquery:

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory = '/mnt/shared_nfs/accounts/rm')
   OVER(PARTITION BY hash)
   AS
   SELECT
    account_id,
    json
   FROM
   (
     SELECT 1 as account_id, '{}' as json, 0 hash
     UNION ALL
     SELECT 2 as account_id, '{}' as json, 1 hash
   ) a;
 Rows Exported
---------------
             2
(1 row)

To use composite statements such as UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, rewrite them as subqueries.

Data types

EXPORT TO PARQUET converts Vertica data types to Hive data types as shown in the following table.

Vertica Data Type	Hive Data Type
INTEGER, BIGINT	BIGINT
FLOAT, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, TINYINT, CHAR, BOOLEAN	Corresponding Hive type
VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR	VARCHAR (max 64KB) or STRING (can be read as either)
BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY	BINARY
DATE	DATE if supported by your version of Hive, otherwise INT96 (can be read as TIMESTAMP)
TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ	TIMESTAMP. Vertica does not convert TIMESTAMP values to UTC. To avoid problems arising from time zones, use TIMESTAMPTZ instead of TIMESTAMP.
TIME, TIMEZ, INTERVAL	Not supported
ARRAY	ARRAY
SET, ROW	Not supported

Decimal precision must be <= 38.

This operation exports raw Flex columns as binary data.

Output

The export operation always creates an output directory, even if all output is written to a single file or the query produces zero rows.

Output file names follow the pattern: [8-character-hash]-[nodename]-[thread-id].parquet.

Column names in partition directories are lowercase.

Files exported to a local file system by any Vertica user are owned by the Vertica superuser. Files exported to HDFS or object stores are owned by the Vertica user who exported the data.

The following requirements and restrictions apply:

Avoid concurrent exports to the same output destination. Doing so is an error on any file system and can produce incorrect results.
Use a shared file location for output. If you use a directory in the local file system, it must be an NFS-mounted directory.
For output to the local file system, you must have a USER storage location.
When exporting to the local file system, the permission mode is 700 for directories and 600 for files. You cannot override these values.

For restrictions specific to object stores (S3, GCS, or Azure), see Exporting to object stores.

Examples

The following example demonstrates exporting all columns from theT1 table in the public schema, using GZIP compression.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory='webhdfs:///user1/data', compression='gzip')
  AS SELECT * FROM public.T1;

The following example demonstrates exporting the results of a query using more than one table.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory='s3://DataLake/sales_by_region')
   AS SELECT sale.price, sale.date, store.region
   FROM public.sales sale
   JOIN public.vendor store ON sale.distribID = store.ID;

The following example demonstrates partitioning and exporting data. EXPORT TO PARQUET first partitions the data on region and then, within each partition, sorts by store.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory='gs://DataLake/user2/data')
  OVER(PARTITION BY store.region ORDER BY store.ID)
  AS SELECT sale.price, sale.date, store.ID
  FROM public.sales sale
  JOIN public.vendor store ON sale.distribID = store.ID;

The following example uses an alias column label for a selected column target that is an expression.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory='webhdfs:///user3/data')
  OVER(ORDER BY col1) AS SELECT col1 + col1 AS A, col2
  FROM public.T3;

The following example sets permissions for the output.

=> EXPORT TO PARQUET(directory='webhdfs:///user1/data',
     fileMode='432', dirMode='rwxrw-r-x')
  AS SELECT * FROM public.T1;

23 - EXPORT TO VERTICA

Exports table data from one Vertica database to another.

Important

The source database must be no more than one major release behind the target database.

Syntax

EXPORT [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ] TO VERTICA
   database.[schema.]target-table [ ( target-columns ) ]
   { AS SELECT query-expression | FROM [`*`schema`*`.]source-table[ ( source-columns ) ] }

Parameters

LABEL: Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.
*database*: The target database of the data to export. A connection to this database must already exist in the current session before starting the copy operation; otherwise Vertica returns an error. For details, see CONNECT TO VERTICA.
[schema.]target-table: The table in database to store the exported data. The table cannot have columns of complex data types other than native arrays.
*target-columns*: A comma-delimited list of columns in target-table in which to store the exported data.See Mapping Between Source and Target Columns, below.
*query-expression*: The data to export.
[schema.]source-table: The table that contains the data to export.
*source-columns*: A comma-delimited list of the columns in the source table to export. The table cannot have columns of complex data types.See Mapping Between Source and Target Columns, below.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Source table: SELECT
Source table schema: USAGE
Target table: INSERT
Target table schema: USAGE

Mapping between source and target columns

If you export all table data from one database to another, EXPORT TO VERTICA can omit specifying column lists if column definitions in both tables comply with the following conditions:

Same number of columns
Identical column names
Same sequence of columns
Matching or compatible column data types
No complex data types (ARRAY, SET, or ROW), except for native arrays

If any of these conditions is not true, the EXPORT TO VERTICA statement must include column lists that explicitly map source and target columns to each other, as follows:

Contain the same number of columns.
List source and target columns in the same order.
Pair columns with the same (or compatible) data types.

Examples

See Exporting data to another database.

24 - GET DIRECTED QUERY

Queries system table DIRECTED_QUERIES on the specified input query, and returns details of all directed queries that map to the input query.

Queries system table DIRECTED_QUERIES on the specified input query, and returns details of all directed queries that map to the input query. For details about output, see Getting directed queries.

Syntax

GET DIRECTED QUERY input-query

Parameters

*input-query*: An input query that is associated with one or more directed queries.

Privileges

None

Examples

See Getting directed queries.

25 - GRANT statements

GRANT statements grant privileges on database objects to users and roles.

Important

In a database with trust authentication, GRANT statements appear to work as expected but have no real effect on database security.

25.1 - GRANT (authentication)

Associates an authentication record to one or more users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT AUTHENTICATION auth-method-name TO grantee[,...]

Parameters

auth-method-name

Name of the authentication method to associate with one or more users or roles.

grantee

Specifies who is associated with the authentication method, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users.

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Associate v_ldap authentication with user jsmith:
```
=> GRANT AUTHENTICATION v_ldap TO jsmith;
```

Associate v_gss authentication to the role DBprogrammer:


=> CREATE ROLE DBprogrammer;
=> GRANT AUTHENTICATION v_gss TO DBprogrammer;

Associate client authentication method v_localpwd with role PUBLIC, which is assigned by default to all users:
```
=> GRANT AUTHENTICATION v_localpwd TO PUBLIC;
```

25.2 - GRANT (database)

Grants database privileges to users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON DATABASE db-spec
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for a database:

CREATE: Create schemas.
TEMP: Create temporary tables. By default, all users are granted this privilege through their DEFAULT role.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Grants all database privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

*db-spec*

Specifies the current database, set to the database name or DEFAULT.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser: Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

The following example grants user Fred the right to create schemas in the current database.

=> GRANT CREATE ON DATABASE DEFAULT TO Fred;

25.3 - GRANT (library)

Grants privileges on one or more libraries to users and roles.

For example, when working with the Connector Framework Service, you might need to grant a user usage privileges to a library to be able to set UDSession parameters. For more information see Implementing CFS.

Syntax

GRANT privilege
   ON LIBRARY [[database.]schema.]library[,...]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Arguments

privilege

Privilege to grant, one of:

USAGE: Grants access to functions in the specified libraries.
DROP: Grants permission to drop libraries that the grantee created.
ALL [PRIVILEGES] [EXTEND]: Grants all library privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes this privilege. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

Important

To execute functions inside the library, users must also have separate EXECUTE privileges on them, and USAGE privileges on their respective schemas.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

library

The target library.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

Grant USAGE privileges on the MyFunctions library to Fred:

=> GRANT USAGE ON LIBRARY MyFunctions TO Fred;

25.4 - GRANT (model)

Grants usage privileges on a model to users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON MODEL [[database.]schema.]model-name[,...]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for models:

USAGE
ALTER
DROP

ALL [PRIVILEGES][EXTEND]

Grants all model privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

model-name

The model on which to grant the privilege.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

This example grants USAGE privileges on the mySvmClassModel model to user1:

=> GRANT USAGE ON MODEL mySvmClassModel TO user1;

25.5 - GRANT (procedure)

Grants privileges on a stored procedure or external procedure to a user or role.

Important

External procedures that you create with CREATE PROCEDURE (external) are always run with Linux dbadmin privileges. If a dbadmin or pseudosuperuser grants a non-dbadmin permission to run a procedure using GRANT (procedure), be aware that the non-dbadmin user runs the procedure with full Linux dbadmin privileges.

Syntax

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON PROCEDURE [[database.]schema.]procedure( [arg-list] )[,...]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

EXECUTE

Enables grantees to run the specified procedure.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Grants all procedure privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

procedure

The target procedure.

arg-list

A comma-delimited list of procedure arguments, where each argument is specified as follows:

[ argname ] argtype

If the procedure is defined with no arguments, supply an empty argument list.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles

Examples

Grant EXECUTE privileges on the tokenize procedure to users Bob and Jules, and to the role Operator:

=> GRANT EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE tokenize(varchar) TO Bob, Jules, Operator;

25.6 - GRANT (Resource pool)

Grants USAGE privileges on resource pools to users and roles.

Grants USAGE privileges on resource pools to users and roles. Users can access their resource pools with ALTER USER or SET SESSION RESOURCE POOL.

Syntax

GRANT USAGE
   ON RESOURCE POOL resource-pool[,...]
   [FOR SUBCLUSTER subcluster | FOR CURRENT SUBCLUSTER]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

USAGE

Enables grantees to acess the specified resource pools.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Grants all resource pool privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

resource-pool

A resource pool on which to grant the specified privileges.

subcluster

The subcluster for the resource pool.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Grant user Joe USAGE privileges on resource pool Joe_pool.

=> CREATE USER Joe;
CREATE USER
=> CREATE RESOURCE POOL Joe_pool;
CREATE RESOURCE POOL
=> GRANT USAGE ON RESOURCE POOL Joe_pool TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

Grant user Joe USAGE privileges on resource pool Joe_pool for subcluster sub1.

=> GRANT USAGE on RESOURCE POOL Joe_pool FOR SUBCLUSTER sub1 TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

25.7 - GRANT (Role)

Assigns roles to users or other roles.

Note

Granting a role does not activate the role automatically; you must enable it with the SET ROLE statement or specify it as a default role to enable it automatically.

Syntax

GRANT role[,...] TO grantee[,...] [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]

Arguments

role

A role to grant

grantee

User or role to be granted the specified roles, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users.

WITH ADMIN OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the specified roles to other users or roles. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser: If WITH GRANT OPTION is used, can grant the same roles to other users or roles.

Examples

See Granting database roles.

25.8 - GRANT (schema)

Grants schema privileges to users and roles.

Grants schema privileges to users and roles. By default, only superusers and the schema owner have the following schema privileges:

Create objects within a schema.
Alter and drop a schema.

Note

By default, new users cannot access schema PUBLIC. You must explicitly grant all new users USAGE privileges on the PUBLIC schema.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

*privilege*

One of the following privileges:

USAGE: Enables access to objects in the specified schemas. Grantees can then be granted privileges on individual objects in these schemas in order to access them, for example, with GRANT TABLE and GRANT VIEW.
CREATE: Create and rename objects in the specified schemas, and move objects from other schemas.

You can also grant the following privileges on a schema, to be inherited by tables and their projections, and by views of that schema. If inheritance is enabled for the database and schema, these privileges are automatically granted to those objects on creation:

SELECT: Query tables and views. SELECT privileges are granted by default to the PUBLIC role.
INSERT: Insert rows, or and load data into tables with COPY.

Note
COPY FROM STDIN is allowed for users with INSERT privileges, while COPY FROM file requires admin privileges.
UPDATE: Update table rows.
DELETE: Delete table rows.
REFERENCES: Create foreign key constraints on this table. This privilege must be set on both referencing and referenced tables.
TRUNCATE: Truncate table contents. Non-owners of tables can also execute the following partition operations on them:
ALTER: Modify the DDL of tables and views with ALTER TABLE and ALTER VIEW, respectively.
DROP: Drop tables and views.

ALL [PRIVILEGES][EXTEND]

Grants USAGE AND CREATE privileges. Inherited privileges must be granted explicitly.

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

[database.]schema

Specifies a target schema. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*grantee*

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers, one of the following:

Schema owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

Grant user Joe USAGE privilege on schema online_sales.

=> CREATE USER Joe;
CREATE USER
=> GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA online_sales TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

25.9 - GRANT (sequence)

Grants sequence privileges to users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON {
     SEQUENCE [[database.]schema.]sequence[,...]
     | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...] }
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for sequences:

SELECT: Execute functions CURRVAL and NEXTVAL on the specified sequences.
ALTER: Modify a sequence's DDL with ALTER SEQUENCE
DROP: Drop this sequence with DROP SEQUENCE.

ALL [PRIVILEGES][EXTEND]

Grants all sequence privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

SEQUENCE sequence

Specifies the sequence on which to grant privileges.

ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema

Grants the specified privileges on all sequences in schema schema.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

This example shows how to grant user Joe all privileges on sequence my_seq.

=> CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START 100;
CREATE SEQUENCE
=> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON SEQUENCE my_seq TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

25.10 - GRANT (storage location)

Grants privileges to users and roles on a USER-defined storage location.

Grants privileges to users and roles on a USER-defined storage location. For details, see Creating storage locations.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON LOCATION 'path' [ ON node ]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for storage locations:

READ: Copy data from files in the storage location into a table.
WRITE: Export data from the database to the storage location. With WRITE privileges, grantees can also save COPY statement rejected data and exceptions files to the storage location.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Grants all storage location privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

ON LOCATION 'path' [ ON node]

Specifies the path name mount point of the storage location. If qualified by ON NODE, Vertica grants access to the storage location residing on node.

If no node is specified, the grant operation applies to all nodes on the specified path. All nodes must be on the specified path; otherwise, the entire grant operation rolls back.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Note

Only a superuser can add, alter, retire, drop, and restore a location.

Examples

Create a storage location:

=> CREATE LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/UserStorage/BobStore' NODE 'v_mcdb_node0007' USAGE 'USER';
CREATE LOCATION

Grant user Bob all available privileges to the /BobStore location:

=> GRANT ALL ON LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/UserStorage/BobStore' TO Bob;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

Revoke all storage location privileges from Bob:

=> REVOKE ALL ON LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/UserStorage/BobStore' FROM Bob;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

Grant privileges to Bob on the BobStore location again, specifying a node:

=> GRANT ALL ON LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/UserStorage/BobStore' ON v_mcdb_node0007 TO Bob;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

Revoke all storage location privileges from Bob:

=> REVOKE ALL ON LOCATION '/home/dbadmin/UserStorage/BobStore' ON v_mcdb_node0007 FROM Bob;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

25.11 - GRANT (table)

Grants table privileges to users and roles.

Grants table privileges to users and roles. Users must also be granted USAGE on the table schema.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON {
     [ TABLE ] [[database.]schema.]table[,...]
     | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...] }
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for tables:

Important

Only SELECT privileges are valid for system tables.

SELECT: Query tables. SELECT privileges are granted by default to the PUBLIC role.
INSERT: Insert table rows with INSERT, and load data with COPY.

Note
COPY FROM STDIN is allowed for users with INSERT privileges, while COPY FROM file requires admin privileges.
UPDATE: Update table rows.
DELETE: Delete table rows.
REFERENCES: Create foreign key constraints on this table. This privilege must be set on both referencing and referenced tables.
TRUNCATE: Truncate table contents. Non-owners of tables can also execute the following partition operations on them:
ALTER: Modify a table's DDL with ALTER TABLE.
DROP: Drop a table.

ALL [PRIVILEGES][EXTEND]

Invalid for system tables, grants all table privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

[database.]schema

Specifies a schema, by default public. If schema is any schema other than public, you must supply the schema name. For example:

myschema.thisDbObject

One exception applies: you can specify system tables without their schema name.

If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

TABLE table

Specifies the table on which to grant privileges.

Note

The table can be a global temporary table, but not a local temporary table. See Creating temporary tables.

ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema

Grants the specified privileges on all tables and views in schema schema.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

Grant user Joe all privileges on table customer_dimension:

=> CREATE USER Joe;
CREATE USER
=> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE customer_dimension TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

Grant user Joe SELECT privileges on all system tables:

=> GRANT SELECT on all tables in schema V_MONITOR, V_CATALOG TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

25.12 - GRANT (TLS configuration)

Grants privileges on a TLS CONFIGURATION to a user or role.

To revoke granted privileges, see GRANT (TLS configuration).

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] } ON TLS CONFIGURATION
    tls_configuration[,...]
    TO grantee[,...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The privilege to grant. Currently, the only supported privilege is ALTER, which allows the grantee to add or remove certificates, change the TLSMODE, etc.

tls_configuration

The target TLS CONFIGURATION.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

You can grant ALTER on a TLS CONFIGURATION to a user or role to delegate management of that TLS context, which includes adding and removing certificates, setting the TLSMODE, etc. For example, the following statement grants ALTER privileges on the TLS CONFIGURATION server to the role client_server_tls_manager:

=> GRANT ALTER ON TLS CONFIGURATION server TO client_server_tls_manager;

25.13 - GRANT (user defined extension)

Grants privileges on a user-defined extensions (UDx) to users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON {
       UDx-type [[database.]schema.]function( [arg-list] )[,...]
       | ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema[,...] }
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Arguments

privilege

The following privileges are valid for user-defined extensions:

EXECUTE
ALTER
DROP

Note

Users can only call a UDx function on which they have EXECUTE privilege, and USAGE privilege on its schema.

ALL [PRIVILEGES] [EXTEND]

Grants all function privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

ON UDx-type

Type of the user-defined extension (UDx), one of the following:

FUNCTION (scalar function)
AGGREGATE FUNCTION
ANALYTIC FUNCTION
TRANSFORM FUNCTION
FILTER
PARSER
SOURCE

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function

Name of the user-defined function on which to grant privileges.

ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMAschema

Grants privileges on all functions in the specified schema.

arg-list

Required for all polymorphic functions, a comma-delimited list of function arguments, where each argument is specified as follows:

[ argname ] argtype

If the procedure is defined with no arguments, supply an empty argument list.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

Note

Grantees must have USAGE privileges on the schema.

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

Grant EXECUTE privileges on the myzeroifnull SQL function to users Bob and Jules, and to the role Operator. The function takes one integer argument:

=> GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION myzeroifnull (x INT) TO Bob, Jules, Operator;

Grant EXECUTE privileges on all functions in the zero-schema schema to user Bob:

=> GRANT EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA zero-schema TO Bob;

Grant EXECUTE privileges on the tokenize transform function to user Bob and the role Operator:

=> GRANT EXECUTE ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION tokenize(VARCHAR) TO Bob, Operator;

Grant EXECUTE privileges on the ExampleSource() source to user Alice:

=> CREATE USER Alice;
=> GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA hdfs TO Alice;
=> GRANT EXECUTE ON SOURCE ExampleSource() TO Alice;

Grant all privileges on the ExampleSource() source to user Alice:

=> GRANT ALL ON SOURCE ExampleSource() TO Alice;

Grant all privileges on polymorphic function Pagerank to the dbadmin role:

=> GRANT ALL ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION Pagerank(z varchar) to dbadmin;

25.14 - GRANT (view)

Grants view privileges to users and roles.

Syntax

GRANT { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] [ EXTEND ] }
   ON [[database.]schema.]view[,...]
   TO grantee[,...]
   [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Parameters

privilege

The following privileges are valid for views:

ALL [PRIVILEGES][EXTEND]

Grants all view privileges that also belong to the grantor. Grantors cannot grant privileges that they themselves lack.

You can qualify ALL with two optional keywords:

PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.
EXTEND extends the semantics of ALL to include ALTER and DROP privileges. An unqualified ALL excludes these two privileges. This option enables backward compatibility with GRANT ALL usage in pre-9.2.1 Vertica releases.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

view

The target view.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

WITH GRANT OPTION

Gives grantee the privilege to grant the same privileges to other users or roles, and also revoke them. For details, see Granting privileges.

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Note

As view owner, you can grant other users SELECT privilege on the view only if one of the following is true:

You own the view's base table.
You have SELECT...WITH GRANT OPTION privilege on the view's base table.

Examples

Grant user Joe all privileges on view ship.

=> CREATE VIEW ship AS SELECT * FROM public.shipping_dimension;
CREATE VIEW
=> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ship TO Joe;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

26 - INSERT

Inserts values into all projections of the specified table.

Inserts values into all projections of the specified table. You must insert one complete tuple at a time. If no projections are associated with the target table, Vertica creates a superprojection to store the inserted values.

INSERT works for flex tables as well as regular native tables. If the table has real columns, inserted data of scalar types and native arrays of scalar types is added to both the real column and the __raw__ column. For data of complex types, the values are not added to the __raw__ column.

Syntax

INSERT [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ] INTO [[database.]schema.]table-name 
    [ ( column-list ) ]
    { DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( values-list )[,...] | SELECT query-expression }

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*table-name*

The target table. You cannot invoke INSERT on a projection.

*column-list*

A comma-delimited list of one or more target columns in this table, listed in any order. VALUES clause values are mapped to columns in the same order. If you omit this list, Vertica maps VALUES clause values to columns according to column order in the table definition.

A list of target columns is invalid with DEFAULT VALUES.

DEFAULT VALUES

Fills all columns with their default values as specified in the table definition. If no default value is specified for a column, Vertica inserts a NULL value.

You cannot specify a list of target columns with this option.

VALUES (values-list)

A comma-delimited list of one or more values to insert in the target columns, where each value is one of the following:

expression resolves to a value to insert in the target column. The expression must not nest other expressions, include Vertica meta-functions, or use mixed complex types. Values may include native array or ROW types if Vertica can coerce the element or field types.
DEFAULT inserts the default value as specified in the table definition.

If no value is supplied for a column, Vertica implicitly adds a DEFAULT value, if defined. Otherwise Vertica inserts a NULL value. If the column is defined as NOT NULL, INSERT returns an error.

You can use INSERT to insert multiple rows in the target table, by specifying multiple comma-delimited VALUES lists:

INSERT INTO table-name
   VALUES ( values-list ), ( values-list )[,...]

For details, see Multi-Row INSERT below.

SELECT query-expression

A query that returns the rows to insert. Isolation level applies only to the SELECT clauses and works like any query. Restrictions on use of complex types apply as in other queries.

Privileges

Table owner or user with GRANT OPTION is grantor
INSERT privilege on table
USAGE privilege on schema that contains the table

Committing successive table changes

Multi-row INSERT

You can use INSERT to insert multiple rows in the target table, by specifying multiple comma-delimited VALUES lists. For example:

=> CREATE TABLE public.t1(a int, b int, c varchar(16));
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,2, 'un, deux'), (3,4, 'trois, quatre');
 OUTPUT
--------
      2
(1 row)

=> COMMIT;
COMMIT
=> SELECT * FROM t1;
 a | b |       c
---+---+---------------
 1 | 2 | un, deux
 3 | 4 | trois, quatre
(4 rows)

Restrictions

Vertica does not support subqueries as the target of an INSERT statement.
Restrictions on the use of complex types in SELECT statements apply equally to INSERT. Using complex values that cannot be coerced to the column type results in an error.
If primary key, unique key, or check constraints are enabled for automatic enforcement in the target table, Vertica enforces those constraints when you load new data. If a violation occurs, Vertica rolls back the operation and returns an error.

Examples

=> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (101, 102, 103, 104);
=> INSERT INTO customer VALUES (10, 'male', 'DPR', 'MA', 35);
=> INSERT INTO start_time VALUES (12, 'film','05:10:00:01');
=> INSERT INTO retail.t1 (C0, C1) VALUES (1, 1001);
=> INSERT INTO films SELECT * FROM tmp_films WHERE date_prod < '2004-05-07';

Vertica does not support subqueries or nested expressions as the target of an INSERT statement. For example, the following query returns an error message:

=> INSERT INTO t1 (col1, col2) VALUES ('abc', (SELECT mycolumn FROM mytable));
ERROR 4821:  Subqueries not allowed in target of insert

You can rewrite the above query as follows:

=> INSERT INTO t1 (col1, col2) (SELECT 'abc', mycolumn FROM mytable);
 OUTPUT
--------
      0
(1 row)

The following example shows how to use INSERT...VALUES with flex tables:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE flex1();
 CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO flex1(a,b) VALUES (1, 'x');
 OUTPUT
--------
      1
(1 row)

=> SELECT MapToString(__raw__) FROM flex1;
           MapToString
---------------------------------
{
"a" : "1",
"b" : "x"
}
(1 row)

The following example shows how to use INSERT...SELECT with flex tables:

=> CREATE FLEX TABLE flex2();
 CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO flex2(a, b) SELECT a, b, '2016-08-10 11:10' c, 'Hello' d, 3.1415 e, f from flex1;
 OUTPUT
--------
      1
(1 row)

=> SELECT MapToString(__raw__) FROM flex2;
           MapToString
---------------------------------
{
"a" : "1",
"b" : "x",
"c" : "2016-08-10",
"d" : "Hello",
"e" : 3.1415,
"f" : null
}
(1 row)

The following examples use complex types:

=> CREATE TABLE inventory(storeID INT, product ROW(name VARCHAR, code VARCHAR));
CREATE TABLE

--- LookUpProducts() returns a row(varchar, int), which is cast to row(varchar, varchar):
=> INSERT INTO inventory(product) SELECT LookUpProducts();
 OUTPUT
--------
      5
(1 row)

--- Cannot use with select...values:
=> INSERT INTO inventory(product) VALUES(LookUpProducts());
ERROR 2631:  Column "product" is of type "row(varchar,varchar)" but expression is of type "row(varchar,int)"

--- Literal values are supported:
=> INSERT INTO inventory(product) VALUES(ROW('xbox',165));
 OUTPUT
--------
      1
(1 row)

=> SELECT product FROM inventory;
          product
------------------------------
 {"name":"xbox","code":"125"}
(1 row)

27 - LOCK TABLE

Locks a table, giving the caller's session exclusive access to certain operations.

Locks a table, giving the caller's session exclusive access to certain operations. Tables are automatically unlocked after the current transaction ends (that is, after COMMIT or ROLLBACK).

LOCK TABLE can be useful for preventing deadlocks. For details, see Deadlocks.

To view existing locks, see LOCKS.

Note

READ COMMITTED isolation (default) and SERIALIZABLE isolation automatically handle locks for you, and the vast majority of users can rely on them exclusively; LOCK TABLE is only for advanced users who need granular control over locks for more complex workloads.

To implement pessimistic concurrency without manually locking tables, you can use SELECT...FOR UPDATE to acquire an EXCLUSIVE (X) lock on the table.

Syntax

LOCK [ TABLE ] [[database.]schema.] table [,...]
    IN { lock_type } MODE
    [ NOWAIT ]

Parameters

[[database.]schema.]

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

table

The table to lock.

lock_type

The type of lock, one of the following:

SHARE
INSERT
INSERT VALIDATE
SHARE INSERT
EXCLUSIVE
NOT DELETE
USAGE
OWNER

[ NOWAIT ]

If specified, LOCK TABLE returns and reports an error immediately if it cannot acquire the lock. Otherwise, LOCK TABLE waits for incompatible locks to be released by their respective sessions, returning an error if the lock is not released after a certain amount of time, as defined by LockTimeout.

Privileges

Required privileges depend on the type of lock requested:

Lock	Privileges
SHARED (S)	SELECT
INSERT (I)	INSERT
SHARE INSERT	SELECT, INSERT
INSERT VALIDATE (IV)	SELECT, INSERT
EXCLUSIVE (X)	UPDATE, DELETE
NOT DELETE (T)	SELECT
USAGE	All privileges
Owner	All privileges

Examples

See Lock examples.

28 - MERGE

Performs update and insert operations on a target table based on the results of a join with another data set, such as a table or view.

Performs update and insert operations on a target table based on the results of a join with another data set, such as a table or view. The join can match a source row with only one target row; otherwise, Vertica returns an error.

The target table cannot have columns of complex data types. The source table can, so long as those columns are not included in the merge operation.

Syntax

MERGE [ /*+LABEL (label-string)*/ ]
    INTO [[database.]schema.]target-table [ [AS] alias ]
    USING source-dataset
    ON  join-condition matching-clause[ matching-clause ]

Returns

Number of target table rows updated or inserted

Parameters

LABEL

Assigns a label to a statement to identify it for profiling and debugging.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*target-table*

The table on which to perform update and insert operations. MERGE takes an X (exclusive) lock on the target table during the operation. The table must not contain columns of complex types.

Important

The total number of target table columns cannot exceed 831.

source-dataset

The data to join to target-table, one of the following:

[[database.]schema.]table [ [AS] alias ]
[[database.]schema.]view [ [AS] alias ]
(subquery) sq-alias

The specified data set typically supplies the data used to update the target table and populate new rows. You can specify an external table.

ON join-condition

The conditions on which to join the target table and source data set.

Tip

The Vertica query optimizer can create an optimized query plan for a MERGE statement only if the target table join column has a unique or primary key constraint. For details, see MERGE optimization.

matching-clause

One of the following clauses:

[WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE](#WhenMatched)
[WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT](#WhenNotMatched)

MERGE supports one instance of each clause, and must include at least one.

WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE

For each target-table row that is joined (matched) to source-dataset, specifies to update one or more columns:

WHEN MATCHED [ AND update-filter ] THEN UPDATE
  SET { column = expression }[,...]

update-filter optionally filters the set of matching rows. The update filter can specify any number of conditions. Vertica evaluates each matching row against this filter, and updates only the rows that evaluate to true. For details, see Update and insert filters.

Note

Vertica also supports Oracle syntax for specifying update filters:

WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE
  SET { column = expression }[,...] 
  [ WHERE update-filter ]

The following requirements apply:

A MERGE statement can contain only one WHEN MATCHED clause.
target-column can only specify a column name in the target table. It cannot be qualified with a table name.

For details, see Merging table data.

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT

For each source-dataset row that is not joined (not matched) to target-table, specifies to:

Insert a new row into target-table.
Populate each new row with the values specified in values-list.

WHEN NOT MATCHED [ AND insert-filter ] THEN INSERT
  [ ( column-list ) ] VALUES ( values-list )

column-list is a comma-delimited list of one or more target columns in the target table, listed in any order. MERGE maps column-list columns to values-list values in the same order, and each column-value pair must be compatible. If you omit column-list, Vertica maps values-list values to columns according to column order in the table definition.

insert-filter optionally filters the set of non-matching rows. The insert filter can specify any number of conditions. Vertica evaluates each non-matching source row against this filter. For each row that evaluates to true, Vertica inserts a new row in the target table. For details, see Update and insert filters.

Note

Vertica also supports Oracle syntax for specifying insert filters:

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT
  [ ( column-list ) ] VALUES ( values-list 
  [ WHERE insert-filter ]

The following requirements apply:

A MERGE statement can contain only one WHEN NOT MATCHED clause.
*column-list* can only specify column names in the target table. It cannot be qualified with a table name.
Insert filter conditions can only reference the source data. If any condition references the target table, Vertica returns an error.

For details, see Merging table data.

Privileges

MERGE requires the following privileges:

SELECT permissions on the source data and INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE permissions on the target table.
Automatic constraint enforcement requires SELECT permissions on the table containing the constraint.
SELECT permissions on the target table if the condition in the syntax reads data from the target table.

For example, the following GRANT statement grants user1 access to the t2 table. This allows user1 to run the MERGE statement that follows:

=> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE t2 to user1;
GRANT PRIVILEGE

=>\c - user1
You are now connected as user "user1".

=> MERGE INTO t2 USING t1 ON t1.a = t2.a
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = t1.b
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (a, b) VALUES (t1.a, t1.b);

Improving MERGE performance

You can improve MERGE performance in several ways:

Design projections for optimal MERGE performance.
Facilitate creation of optimized query plans.
Use a source data set that is smaller than the target table.

For details, see MERGE optimization.

Constraint enforcement

Caution

If you run MERGE multiple times using the same target and source table, each iteration is liable to introduce duplicate values into the target columns and return with an error.

Columns prohibited from merge

The following columns cannot be specified in a merge operation; attempts to do so return with an error:

Identity/auto-increment columns, or columns whose default value is set to a named sequence.
Vmap columns such as __raw__ in flex tables.
Columns of complex types (ARRAY, SET, ROW).

Examples

See:

29 - PROFILE

Profiles a single SQL statement.

Syntax

PROFILE { sql-statement }

Parameters

sql-statement: A query (SELECT) statement or DML statement--for example, you can profile INSERT, UPDATE, COPY, and MERGE.

Output

Writes profile summary to stderr, saves details to system catalog V_MONITOR.EXECUTION_ENGINE_PROFILES.

Privileges

The same privileges required to run the profiled statement

Description

PROFILE generates detailed information about how the target statement executes, and saves that information in the system catalog V_MONITOR.EXECUTION_ENGINE_PROFILES. Query output is preceded by a profile summary: profile identifiers transaction_id and statement_id, initiator memory for the query, and total memory required. For example:

=> PROFILE SELECT customer_name, annual_income FROM public.customer_dimension WHERE (customer_gender, annual_income) IN (SELECT customer_gender, MAX(annual_income) FROM public.customer_dimension GROUP BY customer_gender);
NOTICE 4788:  Statement is being profiled
HINT:  Select * from v_monitor.execution_engine_profiles where transaction_id=45035996274683334 and statement_id=7;
NOTICE 3557:  Initiator memory for query: [on pool general: 708421 KB, minimum: 554324 KB]
NOTICE 5077:  Total memory required by query: [708421 KB]
  customer_name   | annual_income
------------------+---------------
 Emily G. Vogel   |        999998
 James M. McNulty |        999979
(2 rows)

Use profile identifiers to query the table for profile information on a given query.

30 - RELEASE SAVEPOINT

Destroys a savepoint without undoing the effects of commands executed after the savepoint was established.

Syntax

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

Parameters

savepoint_name: Specifies the name of the savepoint to destroy.

Privileges

None

Notes

Once destroyed, the savepoint is unavailable as a rollback point.

Examples

The following example establishes and then destroys a savepoint called my_savepoint. The values 101 and 102 are both inserted at commit.

=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (101);
=> SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (102);
=> RELEASE SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> COMMIT;

31 - REVOKE statements

REVOKE statements let you revoke privileges on database objects from users and roles.

Important

In a database with trust authentication, REVOKE statements appear to work as expected but have no real effect on database security.

31.1 - REVOKE (authentication)

Revokes privileges on an authentication method from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE AUTHENTICATION auth-method-name FROM grantee[,...]

Parameters

auth-method-name

Name of the target authentication method.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

Privileges

Superuser

Examples

Revoke v_ldap authentication from user jsmith:

=> REVOKE AUTHENTICATION v_ldap FROM jsmith;

Revoke v_gss authentication from the role DBprogrammer:
```
=> REVOKE AUTHENTICATION v_gss FROM DBprogrammer;
```
Revoke localpwd as the default client authentication method:
```
=> REVOKE AUTHENTICATION localpwd FROM PUBLIC;
```

31.2 - REVOKE (database)

Revokes database privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON DATABASE db-spec
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

The database privilege to revoke, one of the following:

CREATE: Create schemas.
TEMP: Create temporary tables.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all database privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES is supported to comply with the SQL standard.

ON DATABASE db-spec

Specifies the current database, set to the database name or DEFAULT.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Fred's privilege to create schemas in the current database:

=> REVOKE CREATE ON DATABASE DEFAULT FROM Fred;

Revoke user Fred's privilege to create temporary tables in the current database:

=> REVOKE TEMP ON DATABASE DEFAULT FROM Fred;

31.3 - REVOKE (library)

Revokes library privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON LIBRARY [[database.]schema.]library[,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

USAGE

Revokes access to the specified libraries.

Important

Privileges on functions in these libraries must be separately revoked.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all library privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack. The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

library

The target library.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Examples

These commands show how to create a new library, and then grant and revoke user Fred's USAGE privilege on that library.

=> CREATE LIBRARY MyFunctions AS 'home/dbadmin/my_functions.so';
=> GRANT USAGE ON LIBRARY MyFunctions TO Fred;
=> REVOKE USAGE ON LIBRARY MyFunctions FROM Fred;

31.4 - REVOKE (model)

Revokes model privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON MODEL [[database.]schema.]model-name [,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

USAGE

One of the following privileges:

USAGE: Usage of the specified models
ALTER
DROP

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all model privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

model-name

Name of the target model.

*grantee*

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Fred's USAGE privilege on model mySvmClassModel:

=> REVOKE USAGE ON mySvmClassModel FROM Fred;

31.5 - REVOKE (procedure)

Revokes procedure privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { EXECUTE | ALL PRIVILEGES }
   ON PROCEDURE [[database.]schema.]procedure( [argument-list] )[,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

EXECUTE

Revokes grantees ability to run the specified procedures.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all procedure privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*procedure*

The target procedure.

argument-list

A comma-delimited list of procedure arguments, where each argument is specified as follows:

[argname] argtype

If the procedure is defined with no arguments, supply an empty argument list.

*grantee*

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

This example revokes user Bob's execute privilege on the tokenize procedure.

=> REVOKE EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE tokenize(varchar) FROM Bob;

31.6 - REVOKE (Resource pool)

Revokes resource pool access privileges from users and roles.

Vertica checks resource pool privileges at runtime. Revoking a user's privileges for a resource pool can have an immediate effect on the user's current session. For example, a user query might require USAGE privileges on a resource pool. If you revoke those privileges from that user, subsequent attempts by the user to execute that query fail and return with an error message.

Syntax

REVOKE  [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { USAGE | ALL PRIVILEGES }
   ON RESOURCE POOL resource-pool[,...]
   [FOR SUBCLUSTER subcluster | FOR CURRENT SUBCLUSTER]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

USAGE

Revokes grantee's access to the specified resource pool.

ALL PRIVILEGES

Revokes all resource pool privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

resource-pool

The target resource pool.

subcluster

The subcluster for the resource pool.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Joe's USAGE privileges on resource pool Joe_pool.

=> REVOKE USAGE ON RESOURCE POOL Joe_pool FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

Revoke user Joe's USAGE privileges on resource pool Joe_pool for subcluster sub1.

=> REVOKE USAGE ON RESOURCE POOL Joe_pool FOR SUBCLUSTER sub1 FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

31.7 - REVOKE (Role)

Revokes a role from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ ADMIN OPTION FOR ] role[,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

ADMIN OPTION FOR

Revokes from the grantees the authority to assign the specified roles to other users or roles. Current roles for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes role assignment privileges and the current roles .

role

Role to revoke.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

One of the following:

Superuser
Privileges grantee who was given the option (WITH ADMIN OPTION) of extending these privileges to other users

Examples

This example shows the revocation of the pseudosuperuser role from the dbadmin user:

=> REVOKE pseudosuperuser from dbadmin;

This example shows the revocation of administration access from the dbadmin user for the pseudosuperuser role. The ADMIN OPTION command does not remove the pseudosuperuser role.

=> REVOKE ADMIN OPTION FOR pseudosuperuser FROM dbadmin;

Notes

If the role you are trying to revoke was not already granted to the user, Vertica returns a NOTICE:

=> REVOKE commentor FROM Sue;
NOTICE 2022:  Role "commentor" was not already granted to user "Sue"
REVOKE ROLE

31.8 - REVOKE (schema)

Revokes schema privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

The schema privilege to revoke, one of the following:

USAGE: Access objects in the specified schemas.
CREATE: Create objects in the specified schemas.

You can also revoke privileges from tables and views that they inherited on creation from this schema. When you revoke inherited privileges at the schema level, Vertica automatically applies the revocation to all tables and views that inherited these privileges.

SELECT: Query tables and views. SELECT privileges are granted by default to the PUBLIC role.
INSERT: Insert rows, or and load data into tables with COPY.

Note
COPY FROM STDIN is allowed for users with INSERT privileges, while COPY FROM file requires admin privileges.
UPDATE: Update table rows.
DELETE: Delete table rows.
REFERENCES: Create foreign key constraints on this table. This privilege must be set on both referencing and referenced tables.
TRUNCATE: Truncate table contents. Non-owners of tables can also execute the following partition operations on them:
ALTER: Modify the DDL of tables and views with ALTER TABLE and ALTER VIEW, respectively.
DROP: Drop tables and views.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes USAGE AND CREATE privileges. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

Important

Inherited privileges must be explicitly revoked.

[database.]schema

The schema on which to revoke privileges. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Joe's USAGE privilege on schema online_sales.

=> REVOKE USAGE ON SCHEMA online_sales FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

31.9 - REVOKE (sequence)

Revokes sequence privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON {
     SEQUENCE [[database.]schema.]sequence[,...]
     | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...] }
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

One of the following privileges:

SELECT: Execute functions CURRVAL and NEXTVAL on the specified sequences.
ALTER: Modify a sequence's DDL with ALTER SEQUENCE
DROP: Drop this sequence with DROP SEQUENCE.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all sequence privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES is supported to comply with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

SEQUENCE sequence

Specifies the sequence on which to revoke privileges.

ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema

Revokes the specified privileges on all sequences in schema schema.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Joe's privileges on sequence my_seq.

=> REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON SEQUENCE my_seq FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

31.10 - REVOKE (storage location)

Revokes privileges on a USER-defined storage location from users and roles.

Revokes privileges on a USER-defined storage location from users and roles. For more information, see Creating storage locations.

Note

If the storage location is dropped, Vertica automatically revokes all privileges on it.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON LOCATION 'path' [ ON node ]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

One of the following privileges:

READ: Copy data from files in the storage location into a table.
WRITE: Export data from the database to the storage location. With WRITE privileges, grantees can also save COPY statement rejected data and exceptions files to the storage location.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all storage location privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES is supported to comply with the SQL standard.

ON LOCATION 'path' [ ON node ]

Specifies the path name mount point of the storage location. If qualified by ON NODE, Vertica revokes access to the storage location residing on node.

If no node is specified, the revoke operation applies to all nodes on the specified path. All nodes must be on the specified path; otherwise, the entire revoke operation rolls back.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

See GRANT (storage location).

31.11 - REVOKE (table)

Revokes table privileges from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON {
     [ TABLE ] [[database.]schema.]table[,...]
     | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA [database.]schema[,...] }
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

One of the following privileges:

SELECT: Query tables. SELECT privileges are granted by default to the PUBLIC role.
INSERT: Insert table rows with INSERT, and load data with COPY.

Note
COPY FROM STDIN is allowed for users with INSERT privileges, while COPY FROM file requires admin privileges.
UPDATE: Update table rows.
DELETE: Delete table rows.
REFERENCES: Create foreign key constraints on this table. This privilege must be set on both referencing and referenced tables.
TRUNCATE: Truncate table contents. Non-owners of tables can also execute the following partition operations on them:
ALTER: Modify a table's DDL with ALTER TABLE.
DROP: Drop a table.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all table privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES is supported to comply with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Specifies a schema, by default public. If schema is any schema other than public, you must supply the schema name. For example:

myschema.thisDbObject

One exception applies: you can specify system tables without their schema name.

If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

TABLE table

Specifies the table on which to revoke privileges.

ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema

Revokes the specified privileges on all tables and views in schema schema.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Ownership
GRANT OPTION on the object

Examples

Revoke user Joe's privileges on table customer_dimension.

=> REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE customer_dimension FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

31.12 - REVOKE (TLS configuration)

Revokes privileges granted on one or more TLS CONFIGURATIONs from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
    { ALL | [ privilege[,...] ]}
    ON TLS CONFIGURATION tls_configuration[,...]
    FROM grantee [,...]

Parameters

WITH GRANT OPTION

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

The privilege to revoke, one of the following:

ALTER TLS CONFIGURATION

tls_configuration

The TLS CONFIGURATION on which to revoke privileges.

grantee

Specifies who is granted privileges, one of the following:

user-name
role
PUBLIC: Default role of all users

Privileges

Non-superusers require USAGE on the schema and one of the following:

Owner
Privileges grantee given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of granting privileges to other users or roles.

Examples

To revoke ALTER privileges on the TLS CONFIGURATION server from the role client_server_tls_manager:

=> REVOKE ALTER ON TLS CONFIGURATION server FROM client_server_tls_manager;

31.13 - REVOKE (user defined extension)

Revokes privileges on one or more user-defined extensions from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { EXECUTE | ALL PRIVILEGES }
   ON {
       UDx-type [[database.]schema.]function-name( [argument-list] )[,...]
       | ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema[,...] }
   FROM grantee[,...]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

EXECUTE

Revokes grantees ability to run the specified functions.

ALL [PRIVILEGES]

Revokes all function privileges that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

ON UDx-type

Specifies the function's user-defined extension (UDx) type, where UDx-type is one of the following:

FUNCTION
AGGREGATE FUNCTION
ANALYTIC FUNCTION
TRANSFORM FUNCTION
FILTER
PARSER
SOURCE

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

function-name

The name of the user-defined function on which to revoke privileges.

ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema

Revokes privileges on all functions in the specified schema.

argument-list

Required for all polymorphic functions, a comma-delimited list of function arguments, where each argument is specified as follows:

[argname] argtype

If the procedure is defined with no arguments, supply an empty argument list.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Privileges

Non-superuser, one of the following:

Owner of the target function
Privileges grantee who was given the option (WITH GRANT OPTION) of extending these privileges to other users

Examples

Revoke EXECUTE privileges from user Bob on function myzeroifnull:

=> REVOKE EXECUTE ON FUNCTION myzeroifnull (x INT) FROM Bob;

Revoke all privileges from user Doug on function Pagerank:

=> REVOKE ALL ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION Pagerank (t float) FROM Doug;

Revoke EXECUTE privileges on all functions in the zero-schema schema from user Bob:

=> REVOKE EXECUTE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA zero-schema FROM Bob;

Revoke EXECUTE privileges from user Bob on the tokenize function:

=> REVOKE EXECUTE ON TRANSFORM FUNCTION tokenize(VARCHAR) FROM Bob;

Revoke all privileges on the ExampleSource() source from user Alice:

=> REVOKE ALL ON SOURCE ExampleSource() FROM Alice;

31.14 - REVOKE (view)

Revokes privileges on a view from users and roles.

Syntax

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { privilege[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
   ON [[database.]schema.]view[,...]
   FROM grantee[,...]
   [ CASCADE ]

Parameters

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the grant option for the specified privileges. Current privileges for grantees remain unaffected. If you omit this clause, Vertica revokes both the grant option and current privileges.

privilege

One of the following:

SELECT: Query the specified views.
ALTER: Modify a view's DDL with ALTER VIEW
DROP: Drop this view with DROP VIEW.

ALL PRIVILEGES

Revokes all privileges that pertain to views that also belong to the revoker. Users cannot revoke privileges that they themselves lack.

The optional keyword PRIVILEGES conforms with the SQL standard.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

view

The view on which to revoke privileges.

grantee

Specifies whose privileges are revoked, one of the following:

User name
Role
PUBLIC: The default role of all users

CASCADE

If the target grantees have a grant option to extend the specified privileges to other users, CASCADE specifies to search for these users and revoke the privileges from them also.

Examples

Revoke SELECT privileges from user Joe on view test_view.

=> REVOKE SELECT ON test_view FROM Joe;
REVOKE PRIVILEGE

32 - ROLLBACK

Ends the current transaction and discards all changes that occurred during the transaction.

Syntax

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

Parameters

WORK | TRANSACTION: Have no effect; they are optional keywords for readability.

Privileges

None

Notes

When an operation is rolled back, any locks that are acquired by the operation are also rolled back.

ABORT is a synonym for ROLLBACK.

Examples

This example shows how to roll back from a DELETE transaction.

=> SELECT * FROM sample_table;
a
---
1
(1 row)

=> DELETE FROM sample_table WHERE a = 1;

=> SELECT * FROM sample_table;
a
---
(0 rows)
=> ROLLBACK;
=> SELECT * FROM sample_table;
a
---
1
(1 row)

This example shows how to roll back the changes you made since the BEGIN statement.

=> BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED READ ONLY;
BEGIN
=> ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;
ROLLBACK

33 - ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

Rolls back all commands that have been entered within the transaction since the given savepoint was established.

Syntax

ROLLBACK TO [SAVEPOINT] savepoint_name

Parameters

savepoint_name: Specifies the name of the savepoint to roll back to.

Privileges

None

Notes

The savepoint remains valid and can be rolled back to again later if needed.
When an operation is rolled back, any locks that are acquired by the operation are also rolled back.
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT implicitly destroys all savepoints that were established after the named savepoint.

Examples

The following example rolls back the values 102 and 103 that were entered after the savepoint, my_savepoint, was established. Only the values 101 and 104 are inserted at commit.

=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (101);
=> SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (102);
=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (103);
=> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> INSERT INTO product_key VALUES (104);
=> COMMIT;

34 - SAVE QUERY

Saves an input query to associate with a custom directed query.

Syntax

SAVE QUERY input-query

Parameters

input-query: The input query to associate with a custom directed query. The input query supports only one optimizer hint, :v.

Privileges

Superuser

Description

SAVE QUERY saves the specified input query for use by the next invocation of CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM. CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM pairs the saved query with its annotated query argument to create a directed query. Both statements must be issued in the same user session.

The saved query remains available until the one of the following events occurs:

The next invocation of CREATE DIRECTED QUERY, whether invoked with CUSTOM or OPTIMIZER.
Another invocation of SAVE QUERY.
The session ends.

Caution

Vertica associates a saved query with a directed query without checking whether the input and annotated queries are compatible. Be careful to sequence SAVE QUERY and CREATE DIRECTED QUERY CUSTOM so the saved and directed queries are correctly matched.

Examples

See Custom directed queries.

35 - SAVEPOINT

Creates a special mark, called a savepoint, inside a transaction.

Creates a special mark, called a savepoint, inside a transaction. A savepoint allows all commands that are executed after it was established to be rolled back, restoring the transaction to the state it was in at the point in which the savepoint was established.

Tip

Savepoints are useful when creating nested transactions. For example, a savepoint could be created at the beginning of a subroutine. That way, the result of the subroutine could be rolled back if necessary.

Syntax

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

Parameters

savepoint_name: Specifies the name of the savepoint to create.

Privileges

None

Notes

Savepoints are local to a transaction and can only be established when inside a transaction block.
Multiple savepoints can be defined within a transaction.
If a savepoint with the same name already exists, it is replaced with the new savepoint.

Examples

The following example illustrates how a savepoint determines which values within a transaction can be rolled back. The values 102 and 103 that were entered after the savepoint, my_savepoint, was established are rolled back. Only the values 101 and 104 are inserted at commit.

=> INSERT INTO T1 (product_key) VALUES (101);
=> SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> INSERT INTO T1 (product_key) VALUES (102);
=> INSERT INTO T1 (product_key) VALUES (103);
=> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
=> INSERT INTO T1 (product_key) VALUES (104);
=> COMMIT;
=> SELECT product_key FROM T1;
.
.
.
101
104
(2 rows)

36 - SELECT

Returns a result set from one or more data sources—tables, views, joined tables, and named subqueries.

Syntax

[ AT epoch ] [ WITH-clause ] SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
    { * | { MATCH_COLUMNS('pattern') | expression [ [AS] alias ] }[,...] }
    [ into-table-clause ]
    [ from-clause ]
    [ where-clause ]
    [ time-series-clause ]
    [ group-by-clause[,...] ]
    [ having-clause[,...] ]
    [ match-clause ]
    [ union-clause ]
    [ intersect-clause ]
    [ except-clause ]
    [ order-by-clause [ offset-clause ]]
    [ limit-clause ]
    [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table-name[,...] ] ]

Note

SELECT statements can also embed various directives, or hints, that let you control how a given query is handled—for example, join hints such as JTYPE, which enforces the join type (merge or hash join).

For details on using Vertica hints, see Hints.

Parameters

AT epoch

Returns data from the specified epoch, where epoch is one of the following:

EPOCH LATEST: Return data up to but not including the current epoch. The result set includes data from the latest committed DML transaction.
EPOCH integer: Return data up to and including the integer-specified epoch.
TIME 'timestamp': Return data from the timestamp-specified epoch.

Note

These options are ignored if used to query temporary or external tables.

See Epochs for additional information about how Vertica uses epochs.

For details, see Historical queries.

ALL | DISTINCT

ALL (default): Retains duplicate rows in result set or group.
DISTINCT: Removes duplicate rows from the result set or group.

The ALL or DISTINCT qualifier must immediately follow the SELECT keyword. Only one instance of this keyword can appear in the select list.

*

Lists all columns in the queried tables.

Caution

Selecting all columns from the queried tables can produce a very large wide set, which can adversely affect performance.

MATCH_COLUMNS('pattern')

Returns all columns in the queried tables that match pattern.

expression [[AS] alias]

An expression that typically resolves to column data from the queried tables—for example, names of columns that are specified in the FROM clause; also:

Literals (constants)
Aggregate expressions
CASE expressions
SQL functions
Subqueries in the SELECT list

You can optionally assign a temporary alias to each column expression and reference that alias elsewhere in the SELECT statement—for example, in the query predicate or ORDER BY clause. Vertica uses the alias as the column heading in query output.

FOR UPDATE

Specifies to obtain an X lock on all tables specified in the query, most often used from READ COMMITTED isolation.

FOR UPDATE requires update/delete permissions on the queried tables and cannot be issued from a read-only transaction.

Privileges

Non-superusers:

USAGE on the schema
SELECT on the table or view

Note

As view owner, you can grant other users SELECT privilege on the view only if one of the following is true:

You own the view's base table.
You have SELECT...WITH GRANT OPTION privilege on the view's base table.

Examples

When multiple clients run transactions as in the following example query, deadlocks can occur if FOR UPDATE is not used. Two transactions acquire an S lock, and when both attempt to upgrade to an X lock, they encounter deadlocks:

=> SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE account_id=3476 FOR UPDATE;
    ...
=> UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance+10 WHERE account_id=3476;
=> COMMIT;

36.1 - EXCEPT clause

Combines two or more SELECT queries.

Combines two or more SELECT queries. EXCEPT returns distinct results of the left-hand query that are not also found in the right-hand query.

Note

MINUS is an alias for EXCEPT.

Syntax

SELECT
    EXCEPT except-query[...]
    [ ORDER BY { column-name  | ordinal-number } [ ASC | DESC ] [,...] ]
    [ LIMIT { integer | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET integer ]

Notes

Use the EXCEPT clause to filter out specific results from a SELECT statement. The EXCEPT query operates on the results of two or more SELECT queries. It returns only those rows in the left-hand query that are not also present in the right-hand query.
Vertica evaluates multiple EXCEPT clauses in the same SELECT query from left to right, unless parentheses indicate otherwise.
You cannot use the ALL keyword with an EXCEPT query.
The results of each SELECT statement must be union compatible. Each statement must return the same number of columns, and the corresponding columns must have compatible data types. For example, you cannot use the EXCEPT clause on a column of type INTEGER and a column of type VARCHAR. If statements do not meet these criteria, Vertica returns an error.

Note
The Data type coercion chart lists the data types that can be cast to other data types. If one data type can be cast to the other, those two data types are compatible.
You can use EXCEPT in FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses.
You can order the results of an EXCEPT operation by including an ORDER BY operation in the statement. When you write the ORDER BY list, specify the column names from the leftmost SELECT statement, or specify integers that indicate the position of the columns by which to sort.
The rightmost ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET clauses in an EXCEPT query do not need to be enclosed in parentheses, because the rightmost query specifies that Vertica perform the operation on the results of the EXCEPT operation. Any ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET clauses contained in SELECT queries that appear earlier in the EXCEPT query must be enclosed in parentheses.

Vertica supports EXCEPT noncorrelated subquery predicates. For example:

=> SELECT * FROM T1
   WHERE T1.x IN
      (SELECT MAX(c1) FROM T2
       EXCEPT
          SELECT MAX(cc1) FROM T3
       EXCEPT 
          SELECT MAX(d1) FROM T4);

Examples

Consider the following three tables:

Company_A

  Id  | emp_lname |      dept      | sales
------+-----------+----------------+-------
 1234 | Stephen   | auto parts     |  1000
 5678 | Alice     | auto parts     |  2500
 9012 | Katherine | floral         |   500
 3214 | Smithson  | sporting goods |  1500
(4 rows)

Company_B

  Id  | emp_lname |    dept     | sales
------+-----------+-------------+-------
 4321 | Marvin    | home goods  |   250
 8765 | Bob       | electronics | 20000
 9012 | Katherine | home goods  |   500
 3214 | Smithson  | home goods  |  1500
(4 rows)

Company_C

  Id  | emp_lname |      dept      | sales
------+-----------+----------------+-------
 3214 | Smithson  | sporting goods |  1500
 5432 | Madison   | sporting goods |   400
 7865 | Cleveland | outdoor        |  1500
 1234 | Stephen   | floral         |  1000
(4 rows)

The following query returns the IDs and last names of employees that exist in Company_A, but not in Company_B:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   EXCEPT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B;
  id  | emp_lname
------+-----------
 1234 | Stephen
 5678 | Alice
(2 rows)

The following query sorts the results of the previous query by employee last name:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   EXCEPT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B
   ORDER BY emp_lname ASC;
  id  | emp_lname
------+-----------
 5678 | Alice
 1234 | Stephen
(2 rows)

If you order by the column position, the query returns the same results:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   EXCEPT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B
   ORDER BY 2 ASC;
  id  | emp_lname
------+-----------
 5678 | Alice
 1234 | Stephen
(2 rows)

The following query returns the IDs and last names of employees that exist in Company_A, but not in Company_B or Company_C:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   EXCEPT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B
   EXCEPT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_C;
  id  | emp_lname
------+-----------
 5678 | Alice
(1 row)

The following query shows the results of mismatched data types:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   EXCEPT
   SELECT emp_lname, id FROM Company_B;
ERROR 3429:  For 'EXCEPT', types int and varchar are inconsistent
DETAIL:  Columns: id and emp_lname

Using the VMart example database, the following query returns information about all Connecticut-based customers who bought items through stores and whose purchases amounted to more than $500, except for those customers who paid cash:

=> SELECT customer_key, customer_name FROM public.customer_dimension
      WHERE customer_key IN (SELECT customer_key FROM store.store_sales_fact
         WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 500
         EXCEPT
         SELECT customer_key FROM store.store_sales_fact
         WHERE tender_type = 'Cash')
      AND customer_state = 'CT';
 customer_key |    customer_name
--------------+----------------------
        15084 | Doug V. Lampert
        21730 | Juanita F. Peterson
        24412 | Mary U. Garnett
        25840 | Ben Z. Taylor
        29940 | Brian B. Dobisz
        32225 | Ruth T. McNulty
        33127 | Darlene Y. Rodriguez
        40000 | Steve L. Lewis
        44383 | Amy G. Jones
        46495 | Kevin H. Taylor
(10 rows)

36.2 - FROM clause

A comma-separated list of data sources to query.

Syntax

FROM dataset[,...] [ TABLESAMPLE(percent) ]

Parameters

dataset

A set of data to query, one of the following:

Table reference
Joined tables
View
Named subquery: subquery [AS] name

TABLESAMPLE(percent)

Specifies to return a random sampling of records, where percent specifies the approximate sampling size. The percent value must be between 0 and 100, exclusive, and can include decimal values. The number of records returned is not guaranteed to be the exact percentage specified.

All rows of the data have equal opportunities to be selected. Vertica performs sampling before applying other query filters.

Examples

Count all records in customer_dimension table:

=> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customer_dimension;
 COUNT
-------
 50000
(1 row)

Return a small sampling of rows in table customer_dimension:

=> SELECT customer_name, customer_state FROM customer_dimension TABLESAMPLE(0.5) WHERE customer_state='IL';
    customer_name    | customer_state
---------------------+----------------
 Amy Y. McNulty      | IL
 Daniel C. Nguyen    | IL
 Midori O. Greenwood | IL
 Meghan U. Lampert   | IL
 Tiffany Y. Lang     | IL
 Laura S. King       | IL
 Steve T. Nguyen     | IL
 Craig S. Webber     | IL
 Luigi A. Lewis      | IL
 Mark W. Williams    | IL
(10 rows)

36.2.1 - Joined-table

Specifies how to join tables.

Syntax

table-reference [join-type] JOIN table-reference[ TABLESAMPLE(sampling-pct) ] [ ON join-predicate ]

Parameters

table-reference

A table or another joined-table.

join-type

Valid Values:

INNER (default). INNER JOIN is equivalent to a query that specifies its join predicate in a WHERE clause.
LEFT [ OUTER ]
RIGHT [ OUTER ]
FULL [ OUTER ]
NATURAL
CROSS

TABLESAMPLE

Specifies to use simple random sampling to return an approximate percentage of records. All rows in the total potential return set are equally eligible to be included in the sampling. Vertica performs this sampling before other filters in the query are applied. The number of records returned is not guaranteed to be the exact percentage of records defined by sampling-pct.

The TABLESAMPLE option is valid only with user-defined tables and Data Collector (DC) tables. Views and system tables are not supported.

sampling-pct

Specifies the percentage of records to be returned as a part of sampling. The value must be greater than 0 and less than 100.

ON

join-predicate

An equi-join based on one or more columns in the joined tables. invalid for NATURAL and CROSS joins, required for all other join types.

Alternative JOIN syntax options

Vertica supports two older join syntax conventions:

Table joins specified by join predicate in a WHERE clause
Table joins specified by a USING clause

For details, see Join Syntax.

Examples

The following SELECT statement qualifies its JOIN clause with the TABLESAMPLE option:

=> SELECT user_id.id, user_name.name FROM user_name TABLESAMPLE(50)
     JOIN user_id TABLESAMPLE(50) ON user_name.id = user_id.id;
  id  |  name
------+--------
  489 | Markus
 2234 | Cato
  763 | Pompey
(3 rows)

36.2.2 - Table-reference

A temporary name used for references to table.

Syntax

[[database.]schema.]table[ [AS] alias]

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
table: A table in the logical schema.
[AS] alias: A temporary name used for references to table.

36.3 - GROUP BY clause

Use the GROUP BY clause with aggregate functions in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records.

Use the GROUP BY clause with aggregate functions in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records. Vertica groups the results into one or more sets of rows that match an expression.

The GROUP BY clause without aggregates is similar to using SELECT DISTINCT.

ROLLUP is an extension to the GROUP BY clause. ROLLUP performs subtotal aggregations.

Syntax

GROUP BY [/*+GBYTYPE(algorithm)*/] { expression | aggregate-expression }[,...]

Arguments

/*+GBYTYPE(algorithm)*/

Specifies which algorithm has precedence for implementing this GROUP BY clause, over the algorithm the Vertica query optimizer might otherwise choose. You can set algorithm to one of the following values:

HASH: GROUPBY HASH algorithm
PIPE: GROUPBY PIPELINED algorithm

For more information about both algorithms, see GROUP BY implementation options.

expression

Any expression, including constants and column references in the tables specified in the FROM clause. For example:

column,... column, (expression)

aggregate-expression

An ordered list of columns, expressions, CUBE, GROUPING SETS, or ROLLUP aggregates.

You can include CUBE and ROLLUP aggregates within a GROUPING SETS aggregate. CUBE and ROLLUP aggregates can result in a large amount of output. In that case, use GROUPING SETS to return only certain results.

You cannot include any aggregates within a CUBE or ROLLUP expression.

You can append multiple GROUPING SETS, CUBE, or ROLLUP aggregates in the same query. For example:

  
GROUP BY a,b,c,d, ROLLUP(a,b)
GROUP BY a,b,c,d, CUBE((a,b),c,d)
GROUP BY a,b,c,d, CUBE(a,b), ROLLUP (c,d)
GROUP BY ROLLUP(a), CUBE(b), GROUPING SETS(c)
GROUP BY a,b,c,d, GROUPING SETS ((a,d),(b,c),CUBE(a,b))
GROUP BY a,b,c,d, GROUPING SETS ((a,d),(b,c),(a,b),(a),(b),())

Usage considerations

expression cannot include aggregate functions. However, you can use the GROUP BY clause with CUBE, GROUPING SETS, and ROLLUP to return summary values for each group.
When you create a GROUP BY clause, you must include all non-aggregated columns that appear in the SELECT list.
If the GROUP BY clause includes a WHERE clause, Vertica ignores all rows that do not satisfy the WHERE clause.

Examples

This example shows how to use the WHERE clause with GROUP BY. In this case, the example retrieves all employees whose last name begins with S, and ignores all rows that do not meet this criteria. The GROUP BY clause uses the ILIKE function to retrieve only last names beginning with S. The aggregate function SUM computes the total vacation days for each group.

=> SELECT employee_last_name, SUM(vacation_days)
   FROM employee_dimension
   WHERE employee_last_name ILIKE 'S%'
   GROUP BY employee_last_name;
 employee_last_name | SUM
--------------------+------
 Sanchez            | 2892
 Smith              | 2672
 Stein              | 2660
(3 rows)

The GROUP BY clause in the following example groups results by vendor region, and vendor region's biggest deal:


=> SELECT vendor_region, MAX(deal_size) AS "Biggest Deal"
   FROM vendor_dimension
   GROUP BY vendor_region;
 vendor_region | Biggest Deal
---------------+--------------
 East          |       990889
 MidWest       |       699163
 NorthWest     |        76101
 South         |       854136
 SouthWest     |       609807
 West          |       964005
(6 rows)

The following query modifies the previous one with a HAVING clause, which specifies to return only groups whose maximum deal size exceeds $900,000:

=> SELECT vendor_region, MAX(deal_size) as "Biggest Deal"
   FROM vendor_dimension
   GROUP BY vendor_region
   HAVING MAX(deal_size) > 900000;
 vendor_region | Biggest Deal
---------------+--------------
 East          |       990889
 West          |       964005
(2 rows)

You can use the GROUP BY clause with one-dimensional arrays of scalar types. In the following example, grants is an ARRAY[VARCHAR] and grant_values is an ARRAY[INT].

=> CREATE TABLE employees (id INT, department VARCHAR(50), grants ARRAY[VARCHAR], grant_values ARRAY[INT]);

=> COPY employees FROM STDIN;
42|Physics|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[65000,135000]
36|Physics|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[10000,25000]
33|Physics|[US-7376]|[30000]
36|Astronomy|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[5000,4000]
\.

=> SELECT department, grants, SUM(apply_sum(grant_values)) FROM employees GROUP BY grants, department;
 department |          grants          |  SUM
------------+--------------------------+--------
 Physics    | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"] | 235000
 Astronomy  | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"] |   9000
 Physics    | ["US-7376"]              |  30000
(3 rows)

The GROUP BY clause without aggregates is similar to using SELECT DISTINCT. For example, the following two queries return the same results:

=> SELECT DISTINCT household_id FROM customer_dimension;
=> SELECT household_id FROM customer_dimension GROUP BY household_id;

36.3.1 - CUBE aggregate

Automatically performs all possible aggregations of the specified columns, as an extension to the GROUP BY clause.

You can use the ROLLUP clause with three grouping functions:

Syntax

GROUP BY group-expression[,...]

Parameters

group-expression

One or both of the following:

An expression that is not an aggregate or a grouping function that includes constants and column references in FROM-specified tables. For example:
```
column1, (column2+1), column3+column4
```
A multilevel expression, one of the following:
- ROLLUP
- CUBE
- GROUPING SETS

Restrictions

GROUP BY CUBE does not order data. If you want to sort data, use the ORDER BY clause. The ORDER BY clause must come after the GROUP BY clause.
You can use CUBE inside a GROUPING SETS expression, but not inside a ROLLUP expression or another CUBE expression.

Levels of CUBE aggregation

If n is the number of grouping columns, CUBE creates 2ⁿ levels of aggregations. For example:

CUBE (A, B, C) creates all possible groupings, resulting in eight groups:

(A, B, C)
(A, B)
(A, C)
(B, C)
(A)
(B)
(C)
()

If you increase the number of CUBE columns, the number of CUBE groupings increases exponentially. The CUBE query may be resource intensive and produce combinations that are not of interest. In that case, consider using theGROUPING SETS aggregate, which allows you to choose specific groupings.

Examples

Using CUBE to return all groupings

Suppose you have a table that contains information about family expenses for books and electricity:

=> SELECT * FROM expenses ORDER BY Category, Year;
 Year |  Category   | Amount
------+-------------+--------
2005  | Books       |  39.98
2007  | Books       |  29.99
2008  | Books       |  29.99
2005  | Electricity | 109.99
2006  | Electricity | 109.99
2007  | Electricity | 229.98

To aggregate the data by both Category and Year using the CUBE aggregate:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY CUBE(Category, Year) ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
 Category    | Year |  SUM
-------------+------+--------
 Books       | 2005 |  39.98
 Books       | 2007 |  29.99
 Books       | 2008 |  29.99
 Books       |      |  99.96
 Electricity | 2005 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2006 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2007 | 229.98
 Electricity |      | 449.96
             | 2005 | 149.97
             | 2006 | 109.99
             | 2007 | 259.97
             | 2008 |  29.99
             |      | 549.92

The results include subtotals for each category and year, and a grand total ($549.92).

Using CUBE with the HAVING clause

This example shows how you can restrict the GROUP BY results, use the HAVING clause with the CUBE aggregate. This query returns only the category totals and the full total:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY CUBE(Category,Year) HAVING GROUPING(Year)=1;
 Category    | Year |  SUM
-------------+------+--------
 Books       |      |  99.96
 Electricity |      | 449.96
             |      | 549.92

The next query returns only the aggregations for the two categories for each year. The GROUPING ID function specifies to omit the grand total ($549.92):

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM (Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY CUBE(Category,Year) HAVING GROUPING_ID(Category,Year)<2
   ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
 Category   | Year |  SUM
------------+------+--------
 Books      | 2005 |  39.98
 Books      | 2007 |  29.99
 Books      | 2008 |  29.99
 Books      |      |  99.96
 Electrical | 2005 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2006 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2007 | 229.98
 Electrical |      | 449.96

36.3.2 - GROUPING SETS aggregate

The GROUPING SETS aggregate is an extension to the GROUP BY clause that automatically performs subtotal aggregations on groupings that you specify.

The GROUPING SETS aggregate is an extension to the GROUP BY clause that automatically performs subtotal aggregations on groupings that you specify.

You can use the GROUPING SETS clause with three grouping functions:

To sort data, use the ORDER BY clause. The ORDER BY clause must follow the GROUP BY clause.

Syntax

GROUP BY group-expression[,...]

Parameters

group-expression

One or both of the following:

An expression that is not an aggregate or a grouping function that includes constants and column references in FROM-specified tables. For example:

column1, (column2+1), column3+column4
A multilevel expression, one of the following:
- ROLLUP
- CUBE
- GROUPING SETS

Defining the groupings

GROUPING SETS allows you to specify exactly which groupings you want in the results. You can also concatenate the groupings as follows:

The following example clauses result in the groupings shown.

This clause...	Defines groupings...
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(A,B,C,D)...`	(A), (B), (C), (D)
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A),(B),(C),(D))...`	(A), (B), (C), (D)
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A,B,C,D))...`	(A, B, C, D)
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(A,B),GROUPING SETS(C,D)...`	(A, C), (B, C), (A, D), (B, C)
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A,B)),GROUPING SETS(C,D)...`	(A, B, C), (A, B, D)
`...GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(A,B),GROUPING SETS(ROLLUP(C,D))...`	(A,B), (A,B,C), (A,B,C,D)
`...GROUP BY A,B,C,GROUPING SETS(ROLLUP(C, D))...`	(A, B, C, D), (A, B, C), (A, B, C) The clause contains two groups (A, B, C). In the HAVING clause, use the GROUP_ID function as a predicate, to eliminate the second grouping.

Example: selecting groupings

This example shows how to select only those groupings you want. Suppose you want to aggregate on columns only, and you do not need the grand total. The first query omits the total. In the second query, you add () to the GROUPING SETS list to get the total. Use the ORDER BY clause to sort the results by grouping:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((Category, Year), (Year))
   ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
  Category  | Year |  SUM
------------+------+--------
 Books      | 2005 |  39.98
 Books      | 2007 |  29.99
 Books      | 2008 |  29.99
 Electrical | 2005 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2006 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2007 | 229.98
            | 2005 | 149.97
            | 2006 | 109.99
            | 2007 | 259.97
            | 2008 |  29.99
=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((Category, Year), (Year), ())
   ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
  Category  | Year |  SUM
------------+------+--------
 Books      | 2005 |  39.98
 Books      | 2007 |  29.99
 Books      | 2008 |  29.99
 Electrical | 2005 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2006 | 109.99
 Electrical | 2007 | 229.98
            | 2005 | 149.97
            | 2006 | 109.99
            | 2007 | 259.97
            | 2008 |  29.99
            |      | 549.92

36.3.3 - ROLLUP aggregate

Automatically performs subtotal aggregations as an extension to the GROUP BY clause.

Automatically performs subtotal aggregations as an extension to the GROUP BY clause. ROLLUP performs these aggregations across multiple dimensions, at different levels, within a single SQL query.

You can use the ROLLUP clause with three grouping functions:

Syntax

ROLLUP grouping-expression[,...]

Parameters

group-expression

One or both of the following:

An expression that is not an aggregate or a grouping function that includes constants and column references in FROM-specified tables. For example:

column1, (column2+1), column3+column4
A multilevel expression, one of the following:
- ROLLUP
- CUBE
- GROUPING SETS

Restrictions

GROUP BY ROLLUP does not sort results. To sort data, an ORDER BY clause must follow the GROUP BY clause.

Levels of aggregation

If n is the number of grouping columns, ROLLUP creates n+1 levels of subtotals and grand total. Because ROLLUP removes the right-most column at each step, specify column order carefully.

Suppose that ROLLUP(A, B, C) creates four groups:

(A, B, C)
(A, B)
(A)
()

Because ROLLUP removes the right-most column at each step, there are no groups for (A, C) and (B, C).

If you enclose two or more columns in parentheses, GROUP BY treats them as a single entity. For example:

ROLLUP(A, B, C) creates four groups:
```
(A, B, C)
(A, B)
(A)
()
```
ROLLUP((A, B), C) treats (A, B) as a single entity and creates three groups:
```
(A, B, C)
(A, B)
()
```

Example: aggregating the full data set

The following example shows how to use the GROUP BY clause to determine family expenses for electricity and books over several years. The SUM aggregate function computes the total amount of money spent in each category per year.

Suppose you have a table that contains information about family expenses for books and electricity:

=> SELECT * FROM expenses ORDER BY Category, Year;
 Year |  Category   | Amount
------+-------------+--------
2005  | Books       |  39.98
2007  | Books       |  29.99
2008  | Books       |  29.99
2005  | Electricity | 109.99
2006  | Electricity | 109.99
2007  | Electricity | 229.98

For the expenses table, ROLLUP computes the subtotals in each category between 2005–2007:

Books: $99.96
Electricity: $449.96
Grand total: $549.92.

Use the ORDER BY clause to sort the results:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY ROLLUP(Category, Year) ORDER BY 1,2, GROUPING_ID();
 Category    | Year |  SUM
-------------+------+--------
 Books       | 2005 |  39.98
 Books       | 2007 |  29.99
 Books       | 2008 |  29.99
 Books       |      |  99.96
 Electricity | 2005 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2006 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2007 | 229.98
 Electricity |      | 449.96
             |      | 549.92

Example: using ROLLUP with the HAVING clause

This example shows how to use the HAVING clause with ROLLUP to restrict the GROUP BY results. The following query produces only those ROLLUP categories where year is subtotaled, based on the expression in the GROUPING function:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY ROLLUP(Category,Year) HAVING GROUPING(Year)=1
   ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
 Category    | Year |  SUM
-------------+------+--------
 Books       |      |  99.96
 Electricity |      | 449.96
             |      | 549.92

The next example rolls up on (Category, Year), but not on the full results. The GROUPING_ID function specifies to aggregate less than three levels:

=> SELECT Category, Year, SUM(Amount) FROM expenses
   GROUP BY ROLLUP(Category,Year) HAVING GROUPING_ID(Category,Year)<3
   ORDER BY 1, 2, GROUPING_ID();
 Category    | Year |  SUM
-------------+------+--------
 Books       | 2005 |  39.98
 Books       | 2007 |  29.99
 Books       | 2008 |  29.99
 Books       |      |  99.96
 Electricity | 2005 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2006 | 109.99
 Electricity | 2007 | 229.98
 Electricity |      | 449.96

36.4 - HAVING clause

Filters the results of a GROUP BY clause.

Filters the results of a GROUP BY clause. Semantically, the HAVING clause occurs after the GROUP BY operation. It was added to the SQL standard because a WHERE clause cannot specify aggregate functions.

Syntax

HAVING condition[,...]

Parameters

condition: Unambiguously references a grouping column, unless the reference appears in an aggregate function.

Examples

The following example returns the employees with salaries greater than $800,000:


=> SELECT employee_last_name, MAX(annual_salary) as highest_salary FROM employee_dimension
     GROUP BY employee_last_name HAVING MAX(annual_salary) > 800000 ORDER BY highest_salary DESC;
 employee_last_name | highest_salary
--------------------+----------------
 Sanchez            |         992363
 Vogel              |         983634
 Vu                 |         977716
 Lewis              |         957949
 Taylor             |         953373
 King               |         937765
 Gauthier           |         927335
 Garnett            |         903104
 Bauer              |         901181
 Jones              |         885395
 Rodriguez          |         861647
 Young              |         846657
 Greenwood          |         837543
 Overstreet         |         831317
 Garcia             |         811231
(15 rows)

36.5 - INTERSECT clause

Calculates the intersection of the results of two or more SELECT queries.

Calculates the intersection of the results of two or more SELECT queries. INTERSECT returns distinct values by both the query on the left and right sides of the INTERSECT operand.

Syntax

select-stmt
    INTERSECT query[...]
    [ order-by-clause  [ offset-clause ]]
    [ limit-clause ]

Notes

Use the INTERSECT clause to return all elements that are common to the results of all the SELECT queries. The INTERSECT query operates on the results of two or more SELECT queries. INTERSECT returns only the rows that are returned by all the specified queries.
You cannot use the ALL keyword with an INTERSECT query.
The results of each SELECT query must be union compatible; they must return the same number of columns, and the corresponding columns must have compatible data types. For example, you cannot use the INTERSECT clause on a column of type INTEGER and a column of type VARCHAR. If the SELECT queries do not meet these criteria, Vertica returns an error.

Note
The Data type coercion chart lists the data types that can be cast to other data types. If one data type can be cast to the other, those two data types are compatible.
Order the results of an INTERSECT operation by using an ORDER BY clause. In the ORDER BY list, specify the column names from the leftmost SELECT statement or specify integers that indicate the position of the columns by which to sort.
You can use INTERSECT in FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses.
The rightmost ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET clauses in an INTERSECT query do not need to be enclosed in parentheses because the rightmost query specifies that Vertica perform the operation on the results of the INTERSECT operation. Any ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET clauses contained in SELECT queries that appear earlier in the INTERSECT query must be enclosed in parentheses.
The order by column names is from the first select.

Vertica supports INTERSECT noncorrelated subquery predicates. For example:

=> SELECT * FROM T1
   WHERE T1.x IN
      (SELECT MAX(c1) FROM T2
       INTERSECT 
          SELECT MAX(cc1) FROM T3
       INTERSECT 
          SELECT MAX(d1) FROM T4);

Examples

Consider the following three tables:

Company_A

id       emp_lname     dept          sales
------+------------+----------------+-------
1234  | Stephen    | auto parts     | 1000
5678  | Alice      | auto parts     | 2500
9012  | Katherine  | floral         |  500
3214  | Smithson   | sporting goods | 1500

Company_B

id       emp_lname     dept        sales
------+------------+-------------+-------
4321  | Marvin     | home goods  |   250
9012  | Katherine  | home goods  |   500
8765  | Bob        | electronics | 20000
3214  | Smithson   | home goods  |  1500

Company_C

  id  | emp_lname |      dept      | sales
------+-----------+----------------+-------
 3214 | Smithson  | sporting goods |  1500
 5432 | Madison   | sporting goods |   400
 7865 | Cleveland | outdoor        |  1500
 1234 | Stephen   | floral         |  1000

The following query returns the IDs and last names of employees that exist in both Company_A and Company_B:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
   INTERSECT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B;
 id   | emp_lname
------+-----------
 3214 | Smithson
 9012 | Katherine
(2 rows)

The following query returns the same two employees in descending order of sales:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname, sales FROM Company_A
   INTERSECT
   SELECT id, emp_lname, sales FROM Company_B
   ORDER BY sales DESC;
  id  | emp_lname | sales
------+-----------+-------
 3214 | Smithson  |  1500
 9012 | Katherine |   500
(2 rows)

The following query returns the employee who works for both companies whose sales in Company_B are greater than 1000:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname, sales FROM Company_A
   INTERSECT
   (SELECT id, emp_lname, sales FROM company_B WHERE sales > 1000)
   ORDER BY sales DESC;
  id  | emp_lname | sales
------+-----------+-------
 3214 | Smithson  |  1500
(1 row)

In the following query returns the ID and last name of the employee who works for all three companies:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
    INTERSECT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_B
   INTERSECT
   SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_C;
  id  | emp_lname
------+-----------
 3214 | Smithson
(1 row)

The following query shows the results of a mismatched data types; these two queries are not union compatible:

=> SELECT id, emp_lname FROM Company_A
    INTERSECT
   SELECT emp_lname, id FROM Company_B;
ERROR 3429:  For 'INTERSECT', types int and varchar are inconsistent
DETAIL:  Columns: id and emp_lname

Using the VMart example database, the following query returns information about all Connecticut-based customers who bought items online and whose purchase amounts were between $400 and $500:

=> SELECT customer_key, customer_name from public.customer_dimension
       WHERE customer_key IN (SELECT customer_key
         FROM online_sales.online_sales_fact
         WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 400
         INTERSECT
         SELECT customer_key FROM online_sales.online_sales_fact
         WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 500)
      AND customer_state = 'CT' ORDER BY customer_key;
 customer_key |     customer_name
--------------+------------------------
           39 | Sarah S. Winkler
           44 | Meghan H. Overstreet
           70 | Jack X. Cleveland
          103 | Alexandra I. Vu
          110 | Matt . Farmer
          173 | Mary R. Reyes
          188 | Steve G. Williams
          233 | Theodore V. McNulty
          250 | Marcus E. Williams
          294 | Samantha V. Young
          313 | Meghan P. Pavlov
          375 | Sally N. Vu
          384 | Emily R. Smith
          387 | Emily L. Garcia
...

The previous query and the next one are equivalent, and return the same results:

=> SELECT customer_key,customer_name FROM public.customer_dimension
       WHERE customer_key IN (SELECT customer_key
      FROM online_sales.online_sales_fact
         WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 400
         AND sales_dollar_amount < 500)
   AND customer_state = 'CT' ORDER BY customer_key;

36.6 - INTO TABLE clause

Creates a table from a query result set.

Syntax

Permanent table:

INTO [TABLE] [[database.]schema.]table

Temporary table:

INTO [scope] TEMP[ORARY] [TABLE] [[database.]schema.]table
   [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]

Parameters

scope

Specifies visibility of a temporary table definition:

GLOBAL (default): The table definition is visible to all sessions, and persists until you explicitly drop the table.
LOCAL: The table definition is visible only to the session in which it is created, and is dropped when the session ends.

Regardless of this setting, retention of temporary table data is set by the keywords ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS and ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS (see below).

For more information, see Creating temporary tables.

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

table

The name of the table to create.

ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS

Specifies whether data is transaction- or session-scoped:

DELETE (default) marks the temporary table for transaction-scoped data. Vertica removes all table data after each commit.
PRESERVE marks the temporary table for session-scoped data, which is preserved beyond the lifetime of a single transaction. Vertica removes all table data when the session ends.

Examples

The following SELECT statement has an INTO TABLE clause that creates table newTable from customer_dimension:

=> SELECT * INTO TABLE newTable FROM customer_dimension;

The following SELECT statement creates temporary table newTempTable. By default, temporary tables are created at a global scope, so its definition is visible to other sessions and persists until it is explicitly dropped. No customer_dimension data is copied into the new table, and Vertica issues a warning accordingly:

=> SELECT * INTO TEMP TABLE newTempTable FROM customer_dimension;
WARNING 4102:  No rows are inserted into table "public"."newTempTable" because
  ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS is the default for create temporary table
HINT:  Use "ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS" to preserve the data in temporary table
CREATE TABLE

The following SELECT statement creates local temporary table newTempTableLocal. This table is visible only to the session in which it was created, and is automatically dropped when the session ends. The INTO TABLE clause includes ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS, so Vertica copies all selection data into the new table:

=> SELECT * INTO LOCAL TEMP TABLE newTempTableLocal ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS
     FROM customer_dimension;
CREATE TABLE

36.7 - LIMIT clause

Specifies the maximum number of result set rows to return, either from the entire result set, or from windows of a partitioned result set.

Syntax

Applied to entire result set:

   LIMIT { num-rows | ALL }

Applied to windows of a partitioned result set:

   LIMIT num-rows OVER ( PARTITION BY column-expr-x, ORDER BY column-expr-y [ASC | DESC]

Parameters

num-rows: The maximum number of rows to return.
ALL: Returns all rows, valid only when LIMIT is applied to the entire result set.
OVER(): Specifies how to partition and sort input data with respect to the current row. The input data is the result set that the query returns after it evaluates FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses.
For details, see Using LIMIT with Window Partitioning below.

Limiting returned rows

LIMIT specifies to return only top-k rows from the queried dataset. Row precedence is determined by the query's ORDER BY clause.

Important

The following dependencies apply:

Always use an ORDER BY clause with LIMIT. Otherwise, the query returns an undefined subset of the result set. The ORDER BY clause must precede LIMIT.
When a SELECT statement specifies both LIMIT and OFFSET, Vertica first processes the OFFSET, and then applies LIMIT to the remaining rows.

For example, the following query returns the first 10 rows of data in table customer_dimension, as ordered by columns store_region and number_of_employees:

=> SELECT store_region, store_city||', '||store_state location, store_name, number_of_employees
     FROM store.store_dimension WHERE number_of_employees <= 12 ORDER BY store_region, number_of_employees LIMIT 10;
 store_region |    location    | store_name | number_of_employees
--------------+----------------+------------+---------------------
 East         | Stamford, CT   | Store219   |                  12
 East         | New Haven, CT  | Store66    |                  12
 East         | New York, NY   | Store122   |                  12
 MidWest      | South Bend, IN | Store134   |                  10
 MidWest      | Evansville, IN | Store30    |                  11
 MidWest      | Green Bay, WI  | Store27    |                  12
 South        | Mesquite, TX   | Store124   |                  10
 South        | Cape Coral, FL | Store18    |                  11
 South        | Beaumont, TX   | Store226   |                  11
 South        | Houston, TX    | Store33    |                  11
(10 rows)

Using LIMIT with window partitioning

You can use LIMIT to apply window partitioning on query results, and limit the number of rows that are returned in each window:

SELECT ... FROM dataset LIMIT num-rows OVER ( PARTITION BY column-expr-x, ORDER BY column-expr-y [ASC | DESC] )

where querying dataset returns num-rows rows in each column-expr-x partition with the highest or lowest values of column-expr-y.

For example, the following statement queries table store.store_dimension and specifies window partitioning on the result set. LIMIT is set to 2, so each window partition can display no more than two rows. The OVER clause specifies to partition the result set by store_region, where each partition window displays for one region the two stores with the smallest number of employees:

=> SELECT store_region, store_city||', '||store_state location, store_name, number_of_employees FROM store.store_dimension
     LIMIT 2 OVER (PARTITION BY store_region ORDER BY number_of_employees ASC);
 store_region |      location       | store_name | number_of_employees
--------------+---------------------+------------+---------------------
 West         | Norwalk, CA         | Store43    |                  10
 West         | Lancaster, CA       | Store95    |                  11
 East         | Stamford, CT        | Store219   |                  12
 East         | New York, NY        | Store122   |                  12
 SouthWest    | North Las Vegas, NV | Store170   |                  10
 SouthWest    | Phoenix, AZ         | Store228   |                  11
 NorthWest    | Bellevue, WA        | Store200   |                  19
 NorthWest    | Portland, OR        | Store39    |                  22
 MidWest      | South Bend, IN      | Store134   |                  10
 MidWest      | Evansville, IN      | Store30    |                  11
 South        | Mesquite, TX        | Store124   |                  10
 South        | Beaumont, TX        | Store226   |                  11
(12 rows)

36.8 - MATCH clause

A SQL extension that lets you screen large amounts of historical data in search of event patterns, the MATCH clause provides subclasses for analytic partitioning and ordering and matches rows from the result table based on a pattern you define.

You specify a pattern as a regular expression, which is composed of event types defined in the DEFINE subclause, where each event corresponds to a row in the input table. Then you can search for the pattern within a sequence of input events. Pattern matching returns the contiguous sequence of rows that conforms to PATTERN subclause. For example, pattern P (A B* C) consist of three event types: A, B, and C. When Vertica finds a match in the input table, the associated pattern instance must be an event of type A followed by 0 or more events of type B, and an event of type C.

Pattern matching is particularly useful for clickstream analysis where you might want to identify users' actions based on their Web browsing behavior (page clicks). For details, see Event series pattern matching.

Syntax

MATCH ( [ PARTITION BY table-column ] ORDER BY table-column
    DEFINE event-name AS boolean-expr [,...]
    PATTERN pattern-name AS ( regexp )
    [ rows-match-clause ] )

Parameters

PARTITION BY

Defines the window data scope in which the pattern, defined in the PATTERN subclause, is matched. The partition clause partitions the data by matched patterns defined in the PATTERN subclause. For each partition, data is sorted by the ORDER BY clause. If the partition clause is omitted, the entire data set is considered a single partition.

ORDER BY

Defines the window data scope in which the pattern, defined in the PATTERN subclause, is matched. For each partition, the order clause specifies how the input data is ordered for pattern matching.

Note

The ORDER BY clause is mandatory.

DEFINE

Defines the boolean expressions that make up the event types in the regular expressions. For example:

DEFINE
 Entry    AS RefURL  NOT ILIKE '%website2.com%' AND PageURL ILIKE
                               '%website2.com%',
 Onsite   AS PageURL ILIKE     '%website2.com%' AND Action='V',
  
 Purchase AS PageURL ILIKE     '%website2.com%' AND Action='P'

The DEFINE subclause accepts a maximum of 52 events. See Event series pattern matching for examples.

event-name

Name of the event to evaluate for each row—in the earlier example, Entry, Onsite, Purchase.

Note

Event names are case insensitive and follow the same naming conventions as those used for tables and columns.

boolean-expr

Expression that returns true or false. boolean_expr can include Boolean operators and relational (comparison) operators. For example:

Purchase AS PageURL ILIKE '%website2.com%' AND Action = 'P'

PATTERN pattern-name

Name of the pattern defined in the PATTERN subclause; for example, P is the pattern name defined below:

 PATTERN P AS (...)

A PATTERN is a search pattern that is comprised of a name and a regular expression.

Note

Vertica supports one pattern per query.

regexp

A regular expression comprised of event types defined in the DEFINE subclause and one or more quantifiers below. When Vertica evaluates the MATCH clause, the regular expression identifies the rows that meet the expression criteria.

`*`	Match 0 or more times
`*?`	Match 0 or more times, not greedily
`+`	Match 1 or more times
`+?`	Match 1 or more times, not greedily
`?`	Match 0 or 1 time
`??`	Match 0 or 1 time, not greedily
`*+`	Match 0 or more times, possessive
`++`	Match 1 or more times, possessive
`?+`	Match 0 or 1 time, possessive
`\|`	Alternation. Matches expression before or after the vertical bar. Similar to a Boolean or.

rows-match-clause

Specifies how to resolve more than one event evaluating to true for a single row, one of the following:

ROWS MATCH ALL EVENTS: If more than one event evaluates to true for a single row, Vertica returns this error :
```
ERROR: pattern events must be mutually exclusive
HINT:  try using ROWS MATCH FIRST EVENT
```
ROWS MATCH FIRST EVENT: If more than one event evaluates to true for a given row, Vertica uses the first event in the SQL statement for that row.

Pattern semantic evaluation

The semantic evaluating ordering of the SQL clauses is: FROM -> WHERE -> PATTERN MATCH -> SELECT.
Data is partitioned as specified in the PARTITION BY clause. If the partition clause is omitted, the entire data set is considered a single partition.
For each partition, the order clause specifies how the input data is ordered for pattern matching.
Events are evaluated for each row. A row could have 0, 1, or N events evaluate to true. If more than one event evaluates to true for the same row, Vertica returns a run-time error unless you specify ROWS MATCH FIRST EVENT. If you specify ROWS MATCH FIRST EVENT and more than one event evaluates to TRUE for a single row, Vertica chooses the event that was defined first in the SQL statement to be the event it uses for the row.
Vertica performs pattern matching by finding the contiguous sequence of rows that conforms to the pattern defined in the PATTERN subclause.

For each match, Vertica outputs the rows that contribute to the match. Rows not part of the match (do not satisfy one or more predicates) are not output.

Vertica reports only non-overlapping matches. If an overlap occurs, Vertica chooses the first match found in the input stream. After finding the match, Vertica looks for the next match, starting at the end of the previous match.
Vertica reports the longest possible match, not a subset of a match. For example, consider pattern: AB with input: AAAB. Because A uses the greedy regular expression quantifier (), Vertica reports all A inputs (AAAB), not AAB, AB, or B.

Notes and restrictions

DISTINCT and GROUP BY/HAVING clauses are not allowed in pattern match queries.
The following expressions are not allowed in the DEFINE subclause:
- Subqueries, such as DEFINE X AS c IN (SELECT c FROM table1)
- Analytic functions, such as DEFINE X AS c < LEAD(1) OVER (ORDER BY 1)
- Aggregate functions, such as DEFINE X AS c < MAX(1)
You cannot use the same pattern name to define a different event; for example, the following is not allowed for X:
```
DEFINE   X AS c1 <  3
  X AS c1  >= 3
```
Used with MATCH clause, Vertica Pattern matching functions provide additional data about the patterns it finds. For example, you can use the functions to return values representing the name of the event that matched the input row, the sequential number of the match, or a partition-wide unique identifier for the instance of the pattern that matched.

Examples

For examples, see Event series pattern matching.

36.8.1 - Event series pattern matching

The SQL MATCH clause syntax lets you screen large amounts of historical data in search of event patterns.

The SQL MATCH clause syntax lets you screen large amounts of historical data in search of event patterns. You specify a pattern as a regular expression and can then search for the pattern within a sequence of input events. MATCH provides subclauses for analytic data partitioning and ordering, and the pattern matching occurs on a contiguous set of rows.

Pattern matching is particularly useful for clickstream analysis where you might want to identify users' actions based on their Web browsing behavior (page clicks). A typical online clickstream funnel is:

Company home page -> product home page -> search -> results -> purchase online

Using this clickstream funnel, you can search for a match on the user's sequence of web clicks and identify that user:

Landed on the company home page
Navigated to the product page
Ran a search
Clicked a link from the search results
Made a purchase

Clickstream funnel schema

The examples in this topic use this clickstream funnel and the following clickstream_log table schema:

=> CREATE TABLE clickstream_log (
  uid INT,             --user ID
  sid INT,             --browsing session ID, produced by previous sessionization computation
  ts TIME,             --timestamp that occurred during the user's page visit
  refURL VARCHAR(20),  --URL of the page referencing PageURL
  pageURL VARCHAR(20), --URL of the page being visited
  action CHAR(1)       --action the user took after visiting the page ('P' = Purchase, 'V' = View)
);

INSERT INTO clickstream_log VALUES (1,100,'12:00','website1.com','website2.com/home', 'V');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log VALUES (1,100,'12:01','website2.com/home','website2.com/floby', 'V');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log VALUES (1,100,'12:02','website2.com/floby','website2.com/shamwow', 'V');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log values (1,100,'12:03','website2.com/shamwow','website2.com/buy', 'P');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log values (2,100,'12:10','website1.com','website2.com/home', 'V');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log values (2,100,'12:11','website2.com/home','website2.com/forks', 'V');
INSERT INTO clickstream_log values (2,100,'12:13','website2.com/forks','website2.com/buy', 'P');
COMMIT;

Here's the clickstream_log table's output:

=> SELECT * FROM clickstream_log;
 uid | sid |    ts    |        refURL        |       pageURL        | action
-----+-----+----------+----------------------+----------------------+--------
   1 | 100 | 12:00:00 | website1.com         | website2.com/home    | V
   1 | 100 | 12:01:00 | website2.com/home    | website2.com/floby   | V
   1 | 100 | 12:02:00 | website2.com/floby   | website2.com/shamwow | V
   1 | 100 | 12:03:00 | website2.com/shamwow | website2.com/buy     | P
   2 | 100 | 12:10:00 | website1.com         | website2.com/home    | V
   2 | 100 | 12:11:00 | website2.com/home    | website2.com/forks   | V
   2 | 100 | 12:13:00 | website2.com/forks   | website2.com/buy     | P
(7 rows)

Examples

This example includes the Vertica Pattern matching functions to analyze users' browsing history over website2.com. It identifies patterns where the user performed the following tasks:

Landed on website2.com from another web site (Entry)
Browsed to any number of other pages (Onsite)
Made a purchase (Purchase)

In the following statement, pattern P (Entry Onsite* Purchase) consist of three event types: Entry, Onsite, and Purchase. When Vertica finds a match in the input table, the associated pattern instance must be an event of type Entry followed by 0 or more events of type Onsite, and an event of type Purchase

=> SELECT uid,
       sid,
       ts,
       refurl,
       pageurl,
       action,
       event_name(),
       pattern_id(),
       match_id()
FROM clickstream_log
MATCH
  (PARTITION BY uid, sid ORDER BY ts
   DEFINE
     Entry    AS RefURL  NOT ILIKE '%website2.com%' AND PageURL ILIKE '%website2.com%',
     Onsite   AS PageURL ILIKE     '%website2.com%' AND Action='V',
     Purchase AS PageURL ILIKE     '%website2.com%' AND Action = 'P'
   PATTERN
     P AS (Entry Onsite* Purchase)
   ROWS MATCH FIRST EVENT);

In the output below, the first four rows represent the pattern for user 1's browsing activity, while the following three rows show user 2's browsing habits.

 uid | sid |    ts    |        refurl        |       pageurl        | action | event_name | pattern_id | match_id
-----+-----+----------+----------------------+----------------------+--------+------------+------------+----------
   1 | 100 | 12:00:00 | website1.com         | website2.com/home    | V      | Entry      |          1 |        1
   1 | 100 | 12:01:00 | website2.com/home    | website2.com/floby   | V      | Onsite     |          1 |        2
   1 | 100 | 12:02:00 | website2.com/floby   | website2.com/shamwow | V      | Onsite     |          1 |        3
   1 | 100 | 12:03:00 | website2.com/shamwow | website2.com/buy     | P      | Purchase   |          1 |        4
   2 | 100 | 12:10:00 | website1.com         | website2.com/home    | V      | Entry      |          1 |        1
   2 | 100 | 12:11:00 | website2.com/home    | website2.com/forks   | V      | Onsite     |          1 |        2
   2 | 100 | 12:13:00 | website2.com/forks   | website2.com/buy     | P      | Purchase   |          1 |        3
(7 rows)

36.9 - MINUS clause

MINUS is an alias for EXCEPT.

36.10 - OFFSET clause

Omits a specified number of rows from the beginning of the result set.

Syntax

OFFSET rows

Parameters

start-row: Specifies the first row to include in the result set. All preceding rows are omitted.

Dependencies

Use an ORDER BY clause with OFFSET. Otherwise, the query returns an undefined subset of the result set.
OFFSET must follow the ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement or UNION clause.
When a SELECT statement or UNION clause specifies both LIMIT and OFFSET, Vertica first processes the OFFSET statement, and then applies the LIMIT statement to the remaining rows.

Examples

The following query returns 14 rows from the customer_dimension table:

=> SELECT customer_name, customer_gender FROM customer_dimension
   WHERE occupation='Dancer' AND customer_city = 'San Francisco' ORDER BY customer_name;
    customer_name     | customer_gender
----------------------+-----------------
 Amy X. Lang          | Female
 Anna H. Li           | Female
 Brian O. Weaver      | Male
 Craig O. Pavlov      | Male
 Doug Z. Goldberg     | Male
 Harold S. Jones      | Male
 Jack E. Perkins      | Male
 Joseph W. Overstreet | Male
 Kevin . Campbell     | Male
 Raja Y. Wilson       | Male
 Samantha O. Brown    | Female
 Steve H. Gauthier    | Male
 William . Nielson    | Male
 William Z. Roy       | Male
(14 rows)

If you modify the previous query to specify an offset of 8 (OFFSET 8), Vertica skips the first eight rows of the previous result set. The query returns the following results:

=> SELECT customer_name, customer_gender FROM customer_dimension
   WHERE occupation='Dancer' AND customer_city = 'San Francisco' ORDER BY customer_name OFFSET 8;
   customer_name   | customer_gender
-------------------+-----------------
 Kevin . Campbell  | Male
 Raja Y. Wilson    | Male
 Samantha O. Brown | Female
 Steve H. Gauthier | Male
 William . Nielson | Male
 William Z. Roy    | Male
(6 rows)

36.11 - ORDER BY clause

Sorts a query result set on one or more columns or column expressions.

Sorts a query result set on one or more columns or column expressions. Vertica uses the current locale and collation sequence to compare and sort string values.

Note

Vertica projection data is always stored sorted by the ASCII (binary) collating sequence.

Syntax

ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC ] [,...]

Parameters

expression

One of the following:

Name or ordinal number of a SELECT list item. The ordinal number refers to the position of the result column, counting from the left beginning at one. Use them to order by a column whose name is not unique. Ordinal numbers are invalid for an ORDER BY clause of an analytic function's OVER clause.
Arbitrary expression formed from columns that do not appear in the SELECT list
CASE expression.

Note

You cannot use DISTINCT on a collection column if it is also included in the sort order.

ASC | DESC

Specifies whether to sort values in ascending or descending order. NULL values are either first or last in the sort order, depending on data type:

INTEGER, INT, DATE/TIME: NULL has the smallest value.
FLOAT, BOOLEAN, CHAR, VARCHAR, ARRAY, SET: NULL has the largest value

Examples

The follow example returns all the city and deal size for customer Metamedia, sorted by deal size in descending order.

=> SELECT customer_city, deal_siz FROM customer_dimension WHERE customer_name = 'Metamedia'
   ORDER BY deal_size DESC;
  customer_city   | deal_size
------------------+-----------
 El Monte         |   4479561
 Athens           |   3815416
 Ventura          |   3792937
 Peoria           |   3227765
 Arvada           |   2671849
 Coral Springs    |   2643674
 Fontana          |   2374465
 Rancho Cucamonga |   2214002
 Wichita Falls    |   2117962
 Beaumont         |   1898295
 Arvada           |   1321897
 Waco             |   1026854
 Joliet           |    945404
 Hartford         |    445795
(14 rows)

The following example uses a transform function. It returns an error because the ORDER BY column is not in the window partition.

=> CREATE TABLE t(geom geometry(200), geog geography(200));
=> SELECT PolygonPoint(geom) OVER(PARTITION BY geom)
   AS SEL_0 FROM t ORDER BY geog;
ERROR 2521: Cannot specify anything other than user defined transforms and partitioning expressions in the ORDER BY list

The following example, using the same table, corrects this error.

=> SELECT PolygonPoint(geom) OVER(PARTITION BY geom)
   AS SEL_0 FROM t ORDER BY geom;

The following example uses an array in the ORDER BY clause.

=> CREATE TABLE employees (id INT, department VARCHAR(50), grants ARRAY[VARCHAR], grant_values ARRAY[INT]);

=> COPY employees FROM STDIN;
42|Physics|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[65000,135000]
36|Physics|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[10000,25000]
33|Physics|[US-7376]|[30000]
36|Astronomy|[US-7376,DARPA-1567]|[5000,4000]
\.

=> SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY grant_values;
 id | department |          grants          |  grant_values
----+------------+--------------------------+----------------
 36 | Astronomy  | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"] | [5000,4000]
 36 | Physics    | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"] | [10000,25000]
 33 | Physics    | ["US-7376"]              | [30000]
 42 | Physics    | ["US-7376","DARPA-1567"] | [65000,135000]
(4 rows)

36.12 - TIMESERIES clause

Provides gap-filling and interpolation (GFI) computation, an important component of time series analytics computation.

Provides gap-filling and interpolation (GFI) computation, an important component of time series analytics computation. See Time series analytics for details and examples.

Syntax

TIMESERIES slice-time AS 'length-and-time-unit-expr' OVER (
  [ PARTITION BY column-expr[,...] ] ORDER BY time-expr ) [ ORDER BY table-column[,...] ]

Parameters

slice-time: A time column produced by the TIMESERIES clause, which stores the time slice start times generated from gap filling.
Note: This parameter is an alias, so you can use any name that an alias would take.
length-and-time-unit-expr: An INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND literal that specifies the length of time unit of time slice computation. For example:
TIMESERIES slice_time AS '3 seconds' ...
OVER(): Specifies partitioning and ordering for the function. OVER() also specifies that the time series function operates on a query result set—that is, the rows that are returned after the FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses are evaluated.
PARTITION BY (column-expr[,...] ): Partitions the data by the specified column expressions. Gap filling and interpolation is performed on each partition separately.
ORDER BY time-expr: Sorts the data by the TIMESTAMP expression time-expr, which computes the time information of the time series data.

Note
The TIMESERIES clause requires an ORDER BY operation on the timestamp column.

Notes

If the window-partition-clause is not specified in TIMESERIES OVER(), for each defined time slice, exactly one output record is produced; otherwise, one output record is produced per partition per time slice. Interpolation is computed there.

Given a query block that contains a TIMESERIES clause, the following are the semantic phases of execution (after evaluating the FROM and the optional WHERE clauses):

Compute time-expression.
Perform the same computation as the TIME_SLICE() function on each input record based on the result of time-exp and 'length-and-time-unit-expr'.
1. Perform gap filling to generate time slices missing from the input.
2. Name the result of this computation as slice_time, which represents the generated "time series" column (alias) after gap filling.
Partition the data by expression, slice-time. For each partition, do step 4.
Sort the data by time-expr. Interpolation is computed here.

There is semantic overlap between the TIMESERIES clause and the TIME_SLICE function with the following key differences:

TIMESERIES only supports the interval qualifier DAY TO SECOND; it does not allow YEAR TO MONTH.
Unlike TIME_SLICE, the time slice length and time unit expressed in length-and-time-unit-expr must be constants so gaps in the time slices are well-defined.
TIMESERIES performs gap filling; the TIME_SLICE function does not.
TIME_SLICE can return the start or end time of a time slice, depending on the value of its fourth input parameter (start-or-end). TIMESERIES, on the other hand, always returns the start time of each time slice. To output the end time of each time slice, write a SELECT statement like the following:
```
=> SELECT slice_time + <slice_length>;
```

Restrictions

When the TIMESERIES clause occurs in a SQL query block, only the following clauses can be used in the same query block:
- SELECT
- FROM
- WHERE
- ORDER BY
GROUP BY and HAVING clauses are not allowed. If a GROUP BY operation is needed before or after gap-filling and interpolation (GFI), use a subquery and place the GROUP BY In the outer query. For example:
```
=> SELECT symbol, AVG(first_bid) as avg_bid FROM (
        SELECT symbol, slice_time, TS_FIRST_VALUE(bid1) AS first_bid
        FROM Tickstore
        WHERE symbol IN ('MSFT', 'IBM')
        TIMESERIES slice_time AS '5 seconds' OVER (PARTITION BY symbol ORDER BY ts)
        ) AS resultOfGFI
GROUP BY symbol;
```

When the TIMESERIES clause is present in the SQL query block, the SELECT list can include only the following:

Time series aggregate functions such as TS_FIRST_VALUE and TS_LAST_VALUE
slice_time column
PARTITION BY expressions
TIME_SLICE function

For example, the following two queries return a syntax error because bid1 is not a PARTITION BY or GROUP BY column:

=> SELECT bid, symbol, TS_FIRST_VALUE(bid) FROM Tickstore
   TIMESERIES slice_time AS '5 seconds' OVER (PARTITION BY symbol ORDER BY ts);
   ERROR:  column "Tickstore.bid" must appear in the PARTITION BY list of Timeseries clause or be used in a Timeseries Output function
=> SELECT bid, symbol, AVG(bid) FROM Tickstore
   GROUP BY symbol;
   ERROR:  column "Tickstore.bid" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function

Examples

For examples, see Gap filling and interpolation (GFI).

36.13 - UNION clause

Combines the results of multiple SELECT statements.

Combines the results of multiple SELECT statements. You can include UNION in FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses.

Syntax

select-stmt { UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select-stmt }[...]
    [ order-by-clause  [ offset-clause ]]
    [ limit-clause ]

Parameters

select-stmt

A SELECT statement that returns one or more rows, depending on whether you specify keywords DISTINCT or ALL.

The following options also apply:

The first SELECT statement can include the LABEL hint. Vertica ignores LABEL hints in subsequent SELECT statements.
Each SELECT statement can specify its own ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses. A SELECT statement with one or more of these clauses must be enclosed by parentheses. See also: ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET Clauses in UNION.

DISTINCT | ALL

Specifies whether to return unique rows:

DISTINCT (default) returns only unique rows.
ALL concatenates all rows, including duplicates. For best performance, use UNION ALL.

Requirements

All rows of the UNION result set must be in the result set of at least one of its SELECT statements.
Each SELECT statement must specify the same number of columns.
Data types of corresponding SELECT statement columns must be compatible, otherwise Vertica returns an error.

ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses in UNION

A UNION statement can specify its own ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses. For example, given the tables described below in Examples, the following query orders the UNION result set by emp_name and limits output to the first two rows:

=> SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_a UNION ALL SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_b ORDER BY emp_name LIMIT 2;
  id  | emp_name
------+----------
 5678 | Alice
 8765 | Bob
(2 rows)

Each SELECT statement in a UNION clause can specify its own ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses. In this case, the SELECT statement must be enclosed by parentheses. Vertica processes the SELECT statement ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses before it processes the UNION clauses.

For example, each SELECT statement in the following UNION specifies its own ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses. Vertica processes the individual queries and then concatenates the two result sets:

=> (SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_a ORDER BY emp_name LIMIT 2)
   UNION ALL
   (SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_b ORDER BY emp_name LIMIT 2);
  id  | emp_name
------+-----------
 5678 | Alice
 9012 | Katherine
 8765 | Bob
 9012 | Katherine
(4 rows)

The following requirements and restrictions determine how Vertica processes a UNION clause that contains ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET clauses:

A UNION's ORDER BY clause must specify columns from the first (leftmost) SELECT statement.
Always use an ORDER BY clause with LIMIT and OFFSET. Otherwise, the query returns an undefined subset of the result set.
ORDER BY must precede LIMIT and OFFSET.
When a SELECT or UNION statement specifies both LIMIT and OFFSET, Vertica first processes the OFFSET statement, and then applies the LIMIT statement to the remaining rows.

UNION in non-correlated subqueries

Vertica supports UNION in noncorrelated subquery predicates. For example:

=> SELECT DISTINCT customer_key, customer_name FROM public.customer_dimension WHERE customer_key IN
     (SELECT customer_key FROM store.store_sales_fact WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 500
      UNION ALL
      SELECT customer_key FROM online_sales.online_sales_fact WHERE sales_dollar_amount > 500)
   AND customer_state = 'CT';
 customer_key |     customer_name
--------------+------------------------
         7021 | Luigi T. Dobisz
         1971 | Betty V. Dobisz
        46284 | Ben C. Gauthier
        33885 | Tanya Y. Taylor
         5449 | Sarah O. Robinson
        29059 | Sally Z. Fortin
        11200 | Foodhope
        15582 | John J. McNulty
        24638 | Alexandra F. Jones
 ...

Examples

The examples that follow use these two tables:

company_a

  ID    emp_name       dept       sales
------+------------+-------------+-------
1234  | Stephen    | auto parts  | 1000
5678  | Alice      | auto parts  | 2500
9012  | Katherine  | floral      |  500

company_b

  ID    emp_name       dept       sales
------+------------+-------------+-------
4321  | Marvin     | home goods  |   250
9012  | Katherine  | home goods  |   500
8765  | Bob        | electronics | 20000

Find all employee IDs and names from company_a and company_b

The UNION statement specifies DISTINCT to combine unique IDs and last names of employees; Katherine works for both companies, so she appears only once in the result set. DISTINCT is the default and can be omitted:

=> SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_a UNION DISTINCT SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_b ORDER BY id;
  id  | emp_name
------+-----------
 1234 | Stephen
 4321 | Marvin
 5678 | Alice
 8765 | Bob
 9012 | Katherine
(5 rows)

The next UNION statement specifies the option ALL. Katherine works for both companies, so the query returns two records for her:

=> SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_a UNION ALL SELECT id, emp_name FROM company_b ORDER BY id;
  id  | emp_name
------+-----------
 1234 | Stephen
 5678 | Alice
 9012 | Katherine
 4321 | Marvin
 9012 | Katherine
 8765 | Bob
(6 rows)

Find the top two top performing salespeople in each company

Each SELECT statement specifies its own ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses, so the UNION statement concatenates the result sets as returned by each query:

=> (SELECT id, emp_name, sales FROM company_a ORDER BY sales DESC LIMIT 2)
   UNION ALL
   (SELECT id, emp_name, sales FROM company_b ORDER BY sales DESC LIMIT 2);
  id  |  emp_name | sales
------+-----------+-------
 8765 | Bob       | 20000
 5678 | Alice     |  2500
 1234 | Stephen   |  1000
 9012 | Katherine |   500
(4 rows)

Find all employee orders by sales

The UNION statement specifies its own ORDER BY clause, which Vertica applies to the entire result:

=> SELECT id, emp_name, sales FROM company_a
   UNION
   SELECT id, emp_name, sales FROM company_b
   ORDER BY sales;
  id  |  emp_name | sales
------+-----------+-------
 4321 | Marvin    |   250
 9012 | Katherine |   500
 1234 | Stephen   |  1000
 5678 | Alice     |  2500
 8765 | Bob       | 20000
(5 rows)

Calculate the sum of sales for each company grouped by department

Each SELECT statement has its own GROUP BY clause. UNION combines the aggregate results from each query:

=> (SELECT 'Company A' as company, dept, SUM(sales) FROM company_a
    GROUP BY dept)
    UNION
   (SELECT 'Company B' as company, dept, SUM(sales) FROM company_b
    GROUP BY dept)
    ORDER BY 1;
 company   |    dept     |  sum
-----------+-------------+-------
 Company A | auto parts  |  3500
 Company A | floral      |   500
 Company B | electronics | 20000
 Company B | home goods  |   750
(4 rows)

36.14 - WHERE clause

Specifies which rows to include in a query's result set.

Syntax

WHERE boolean-expression [ subquery ]...

Parameters

boolean-expression

An expression that returns true or false. The result set only includes rows that evaluate to true. The expression can include boolean operators and the following elements:

Use parentheses to group expressions, predicates, and boolean operators. For example:

... WHERE NOT (A=1 AND B=2) OR C=3;

Examples

The following example returns the names of all customers in the Eastern region whose name starts with the string Amer:

=> SELECT DISTINCT customer_name
   FROM customer_dimension
   WHERE customer_region = 'East'
   AND customer_name ILIKE 'Amer%';
 customer_name
---------------
 Americare
 Americom
 Americore
 Americorp
 Ameridata
 Amerigen
 Amerihope
 Amerimedia
 Amerishop
 Ameristar
 Ameritech
(11 rows)

36.15 - WITH clause

A WITH clause defines one or more named common table expressions (CTEs), where each CTE encapsulates a result set that can be referenced by another CTE in the same WITH clause, or by the primary query. Vertica can execute the CTE on each reference (inline expansion), or materialize the result set as a temporary table that it reuses for all references. In both cases, WITH clauses can help simplify complicated queries and avoid statement repetition.

Syntax

WITH [ /*+ENABLE_WITH_CLAUSE_MATERIALIZATION */ ] [ RECURSIVE ] {
   cte-identifier [ ( column-aliases ) ] AS (
   [ subordinate-WITH-clause ]
   query-expression )
} [,...]

Parameters

/*+ENABLE_WITH_CLAUSE_MATERIALIZATION*/

Enables materialization of all queries in the current WITH clause. Otherwise, materialization is set by configuration parameter WithClauseMaterialization, by default set to 0 (disabled). If WithClauseMaterialization is disabled, materialization is automatically cleared when the primary query of the WITH clause returns. For details, see Materialization of WITH clause.

RECURSIVE

Specifies to iterate over the WITH clause's own result set, through repeated execution of an embedded UNION or UNION ALL statement. See Recursive Queries below.

cte-identifier

Identifies a common table expression (CTE) within a WITH clause. This identifier is available to CTEs of the same WITH clause, and of parent and child WITH clauses (if any). CTE identifiers of the outermost (primary) WITH clause are also available to the primary query.

All CTE identifiers of the same WITH clause must be unique. For example, the following WITH clause defines two CTEs, so they require unique identifiers: regional_sales and top_regions:

  
WITH
-- query sale amounts for each region
   regional_sales AS (SELECT ... ),
   top_regions AS ( SELECT ... )
   )

column-aliases

A comma-delimited list of result set column aliases. The list of aliases must map to all column expressions in the CTE query. If omitted, result set columns can only be referenced by the names used in the query.

In the following example, the revenue CTE specifies two column aliases: vkey and total_revenue. These map to column vendor_key and aggregate expression SUM(total_order_cost), respectively. The primary query references these aliases:

  
WITH revenue ( vkey, total_revenue ) AS (
   SELECT vendor_key, SUM(total_order_cost)
   FROM store.store_orders_fact
   GROUP BY vendor_key ORDER BY vendor_key)
  
SELECT v.vendor_name, v.vendor_address, v.vendor_city, r.total_revenue
FROM vendor_dimension v JOIN revenue r ON v.vendor_key = r.vkey
WHERE r.total_revenue = (SELECT MAX(total_revenue) FROM revenue )
ORDER BY vendor_name;

subordinate-WITH-clause

A WITH clause that is nested within the current one. CTEs of this WITH clause can only reference CTEs of the same clause, and of parent and child WITH clauses.

Important

The primary query can only reference CTEs in the outermost WITH clause. It cannot reference the CTEs of any nested WITH clause.

query-expression

The query of a given CTE.

Restrictions

WITH clauses only support SELECT and INSERT statements. They do not support UPDATE or DELETE statements.

Recursive queries

A WITH clause that includes the RECURSIVE option iterates over its own output through repeated execution of a UNION or UNION ALL query. Recursive queries are useful when working with self-referential data—hierarchies such as manager-subordinate relationships, or tree-structured data such as taxonomies.

The configuration parameter WithClauseRecursionLimit—by default set to 8—sets the maximum depth of recursion. You can set this parameter at database and session scopes with ALTER DATABASE and ALTER SESSION, respectively. Recursion continues until it reaches the configured maximum depth, or until the last iteration returns with no data.

You specify a recursive WITH clause as follows:

WITH [ /*+ENABLE_WITH_CLAUSE_MATERIALIZATION*/ ] RECURSIVE
   cte-identifier [ ( column-aliases ) ] AS (
     non-recursive-term
     UNION [ ALL ]
     recursive-term
   )

Non-recursive and recursive terms are separated by UNION or UNION ALL:

The non-recursive-term query sets its result set in cte-identifier, which is subject to recursion in recursive-term.
The UNION statement's recursive-term recursively iterates over its own output. When recursion is complete, the results of all iterations are compiled and set in cte-identifier.

Restrictions

The following restrictions apply:

The SELECT list of a non-recursive term cannot include the wildcard * (asterisk) or the function MATCH_COLUMNS.
A recursive term can reference the target CTE only once.
Recursive reference cannot appear within an outer join.
Recursive reference cannot appear within a subquery.
WITH clauses do not support UNION options ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET.

Examples

Note

For examples that show usage of recursive WITH clauses, see WITH clause recursion.

Single WITH clause with single CTE

The following SQL defines a WITH clause with one CTE, revenue, which aggregates data in table store.store_orders_fact. The primary query references the WITH clause result set twice: in its JOIN clause and predicate:

-- define WITH clause
WITH revenue ( vkey, total_revenue ) AS (
      SELECT vendor_key, SUM(total_order_cost)
      FROM store.store_orders_fact
      GROUP BY vendor_key ORDER BY 1)
-- End WITH clause

-- primary query
SELECT v.vendor_name, v.vendor_address, v.vendor_city, r.total_revenue
FROM vendor_dimension v JOIN revenue r ON v.vendor_key = r.vkey
WHERE r.total_revenue = (SELECT MAX(total_revenue) FROM revenue )
ORDER BY vendor_name;
   vendor_name    | vendor_address | vendor_city | total_revenue
------------------+----------------+-------------+---------------
 Frozen Suppliers | 471 Mission St | Peoria      |      49877044
(1 row)

Single WITH clause and multiple CTEs

In the following example, the WITH clause contains two CTEs:

regional_sales totals sales for each region
top_regions uses the result set from regional_sales to identify the three regions with the highest sales:

The primary query aggregates sales by region and departments in the top_regions result set:


WITH
-- query sale amounts for each region
   regional_sales (region, total_sales) AS (
        SELECT sd.store_region, SUM(of.total_order_cost) AS total_sales
        FROM store.store_dimension sd JOIN store.store_orders_fact of ON sd.store_key = of.store_key
        GROUP BY store_region ),
-- query previous result set
   top_regions AS (
        SELECT region, total_sales
        FROM regional_sales ORDER BY total_sales DESC LIMIT 3
     )

-- primary query
-- aggregate sales in top_regions result set
SELECT sd.store_region AS region, pd.department_description AS department, SUM(of.total_order_cost) AS product_sales
FROM store.store_orders_fact of
JOIN store.store_dimension sd ON sd.store_key = of.store_key
JOIN public.product_dimension pd ON of.product_key = pd.product_key
WHERE sd.store_region IN (SELECT region FROM top_regions)
GROUP BY ROLLUP (region, department) ORDER BY region, product_sales DESC, GROUPING_ID();

 region  |            department            | product_sales
---------+----------------------------------+---------------
 East    |                                  |    1716917786
 East    | Meat                             |     189837962
 East    | Produce                          |     170607880
 East    | Photography                      |     162271618
 East    | Frozen Goods                     |     141077867
 East    | Gifts                            |     137604397
 East    | Bakery                           |     136497842
 East    | Liquor                           |     130410463
 East    | Canned Goods                     |     128683257
 East    | Cleaning supplies                |     118996326
 East    | Dairy                            |     118866901
 East    | Seafood                          |     109986665
 East    | Medical                          |     100404891
 East    | Pharmacy                         |      71671717
 MidWest |                                  |    1287550770
 MidWest | Meat                             |     141446607
 MidWest | Produce                          |     125156100
 MidWest | Photography                      |     122666753
 MidWest | Frozen Goods                     |     105893534
 MidWest | Gifts                            |     103088595
 MidWest | Bakery                           |     102844467
 MidWest | Canned Goods                     |      97647270
 MidWest | Liquor                           |      97306898
 MidWest | Cleaning supplies                |      90775242
 MidWest | Dairy                            |      89065443
 MidWest | Seafood                          |      82541528
 MidWest | Medical                          |      76674814
 MidWest | Pharmacy                         |      52443519
 West    |                                  |    2159765937
 West    | Meat                             |     235841506
 West    | Produce                          |     215277204
 West    | Photography                      |     205949467
 West    | Frozen Goods                     |     178311593
 West    | Bakery                           |     172824555
 West    | Gifts                            |     172134780
 West    | Liquor                           |     164798022
 West    | Canned Goods                     |     163330813
 West    | Cleaning supplies                |     148776443
 West    | Dairy                            |     145244575
 West    | Seafood                          |     139464407
 West    | Medical                          |     126184049
 West    | Pharmacy                         |      91628523
         |                                  |    5164234493
(43 rows)

INSERT statement that includes WITH clause

The following SQL uses a WITH clause to insert data from a JOIN query into table total_store_sales:

CREATE TABLE total_store_sales (store_key int, region VARCHAR(20), store_sales numeric (12,2));

INSERT INTO total_store_sales
WITH store_sales AS (
        SELECT sd.store_key, sd.store_region::VARCHAR(20), SUM (of.total_order_cost)
        FROM store.store_dimension sd JOIN store.store_orders_fact of ON sd.store_key = of.store_key
        GROUP BY sd.store_region, sd.store_key ORDER BY sd.store_region, sd.store_key)
SELECT * FROM store_sales;

=> SELECT * FROM total_store_sales ORDER BY region, store_key;
 store_key |  region   | store_sales
-----------+-----------+-------------
         2 | East      | 47668303.00
         6 | East      | 48136354.00
        12 | East      | 46673113.00
        22 | East      | 48711211.00
        24 | East      | 48603836.00
        31 | East      | 46836469.00
        36 | East      | 48461449.00
        37 | East      | 48018279.00
        41 | East      | 48713084.00
        44 | East      | 47808362.00
        49 | East      | 46990023.00
        50 | East      | 47643329.00
         9 | MidWest   | 46851087.00
        15 | MidWest   | 48787354.00
        27 | MidWest   | 48497620.00
        29 | MidWest   | 47639234.00
        30 | MidWest   | 49013483.00
        38 | MidWest   | 48856012.00
        42 | MidWest   | 47297912.00
        45 | MidWest   | 48544521.00
        46 | MidWest   | 48887255.00
         4 | NorthWest | 47580215.00
        39 | NorthWest | 47136892.00
        47 | NorthWest | 48477574.00
         8 | South     | 48131455.00
        13 | South     | 47605422.00
        17 | South     | 46054367.00
...
(50 rows)

37 - SET statements

SET statements let you change how the database operates, such as changing the autocommit settings or the resource pool your session uses.

37.1 - SET DATESTYLE

Specifies how to format date/time output for the current session.

Specifies how to format date/time output for the current session. Use SHOW DATESTYLE to verify the current output settings.

Syntax

SET DATESTYLE TO { arg | 'arg' }[, arg | 'arg' ]

Parameters

SET DATESTYLE has a single parameter, which can be set to one or two arguments that specify date ordering and style. Each argument can be specified singly or in combination with the other; if combined, they can be specified in any order.

The following table describes each style and the date ordering arguments it supports:

Date style arguments	Order arguments	Example
`ISO` (ISO 8601/SQL standard)	n/a	`2016-03-16 00:00:00`
`GERMAN`	n/a	`16.03.2016 00:00:00`
`SQL`	`MDY`	`03/16/2016 00:00:00`
`SQL`	`DMY` (default)	`16/03/2016 00:00:00`
`POSTGRES`	`MDY` (default)	`Wed Mar 16 00:00:00 2016`
`POSTGRES`	`DMY`	`Wed 16 Mar 00:00:00 2016`

Vertica ignores the order argument for date styles ISO and GERMAN. If the date style is SQL or POSTGRES, the order setting determines whether dates are output in MDY or DMY order. Neither SQL nor POSTGRES support YMD order. If you specify YMD for SQL or POSTGRES, Vertica ignores it and uses their default MDY order.

Date styles and ordering can also affect how Vertica interprets input values. For more information, see Date/time literals.

Privileges

None

Input dependencies

In some cases, input format can determine output, regardless of date style and order settings:

Vertica ISO output for DATESTYLE is ISO long form, but several input styles are accepted. If the year appears first in the input, YMD is used for input and output, regardless of the DATESTYLE value.
INTERVAL input and output share the same format, with the following exceptions:
- Units like CENTURY or WEEK are converted to years and days.
- AGO is converted to the appropriate sign.
If the date style is set to ISO, output follows this format:
```
[ quantity unit [...] ] [ days ] [ hours:minutes:seconds ]
```

Examples

=> CREATE TABLE t(a DATETIME);
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO t values ('3/16/2016');
 OUTPUT
--------
      1
(1 row)

=> SHOW DATESTYLE;
   name    | setting
-----------+----------
 datestyle | ISO, MDY
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM t;
          a
---------------------
 2016-03-16 00:00:00
(1 row)

=> SET DATESTYLE TO German;
SET
=> SHOW DATESTYLE;
   name    |   setting
-----------+-------------
 datestyle | German, DMY
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM t;
          a
---------------------
 16.03.2016 00:00:00
(1 row)

=> SET DATESTYLE TO SQL;
SET
=> SHOW DATESTYLE;
   name    | setting
-----------+----------
 datestyle | SQL, DMY
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM t;
          a
---------------------
 16/03/2016 00:00:00
(1 row)

=> SET DATESTYLE TO Postgres, MDY;
SET
=> SHOW DATESTYLE;
   name    |    setting
-----------+---------------
 datestyle | Postgres, MDY
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM t;
            a
--------------------------
 Wed Mar 16 00:00:00 2016
(1 row)

37.2 - SET ESCAPE_STRING_WARNING

Issues a warning when a backslash is used in a string literal during the current .

Issues a warning when a backslash is used in a string literal during the current session.

Syntax

SET ESCAPE_STRING_WARNING TO { ON | OFF }

Parameters

ON: [Default] Issues a warning when a back slash is used in a string literal.
Tip: Organizations that have upgraded from earlier versions of Vertica can use this as a debugging tool for locating backslashes that used to be treated as escape characters, but are now treated as literals.
OFF: Ignores back slashes within string literals.

Privileges

None

Notes

This statement works under vsql only.
Turn off standard conforming strings before you turn on this parameter.

Tip

To set escape string warnings across all sessions, use the EscapeStringWarnings configuration parameter. See the Internationalization parameters.

Examples

The following example shows how to turn OFF escape string warnings for the session.

=> SET ESCAPE_STRING_WARNING TO OFF;

37.3 - SET INTERVALSTYLE

Specifies whether to include units in interval output for the current .

Specifies whether to include units in interval output for the current session.

Syntax

SET INTERVALSTYLE TO [ plain | units ]

Parameters

plain: (default) Sets the default interval output to omit units.
units: Enables interval output to include subtype unit identifiers. When INTERVALSTYLE is set to units, the DATESTYLE parameter controls output. If you enable units and they do not display in the output, check the DATESTYLE parameter value, which must be set to ISO or POSTGRES for interval units to display.

Privileges

None

Examples

See Setting interval unit display.

37.4 - SET LOCALE

Specifies locale for the current.

Specifies locale for the current session.

You can also set the current locale with the vsql command \locale.

Syntax

SET LOCALE TO ICU-locale-identifier

Parameters

locale-identifier

Specifies the ICU locale identifier to use, by default set to:

en_US@collation=binary

If set to an empty string, Vertica sets locale to en_US_POSIX.

The following requirements apply:

Vertica only supports the COLLATION keyword.
Single quotes are mandatory to specify collation.

Privileges

None

Commonly used locales

For details on identifier options, see About locale. For a complete list of locale identifiers, see the ICU Project.

de_DE: German (Germany)
en_GB: English (Great Britain)
es_ES: Spanish (Spain)
fr_FR: French (France)
pt_BR: Portuguese (Brazil)
pt_PT: Portuguese (Portugal)
ru_RU: Russian (Russia)
ja_JP: Japanese (Japan)
zh_CN: Chinese (China, simplified Han)
zh_Hant_TW: Chinese (Taiwan, traditional Han)

Examples

Set session locale to en_GB:

=> SET LOCALE TO en_GB;
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'en_GB'
Standard collation: 'LEN'
English (United Kingdom)
SET

Use the short form of a locale:

=> SET LOCALE TO LEN;
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'en'
Standard collation: 'LEN'
English
SET

Specify collation:

=> SET LOCALE TO 'tr_tr@collation=standard';
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'tr_TR@collation=standard'
Standard collation: 'LTR'
Turkish (Turkey, collation=standard)  Türkçe (Türkiye, Sıralama=standard)
SET

37.5 - SET ROLE

Enables a role for the user's current session.

Enables a role for the user's current session. The user can access privileges that have been granted to the role. Enabling a role has no effect on roles that are currently enabled.

Tip

Use SHOW AVAILABLE ROLES to list granted roles.

Syntax

SET ROLE roles-expression

Parameters

roles-expression

Specifies what roles are the default roles for this user, with one of the following expressions:

NONE (default): Disables all roles.
roles-list: A comma-delimited list of roles to enable. You can only set roles that are currently granted to you.
ALL [EXCEPT roles-list]: Enables all roles currently granted to this user, excluding any comma-delimited roles specified in the optional EXCEPT clause.
DEFAULT: Enables all default roles of the current user, as set by ALTER USER...DEFAULT ROLE.

Privileges

None

Examples

This example shows the following:

SHOW AVAILABLE_ROLES; lists the roles available to the user, but not enabled.
SET ROLE applogs; enables the applogs role for the user.
SHOW ENABLED_ROLES; lists the applogs role as enabled (SET) for the user.
SET ROLE appuser; enables the appuser role for the user.
SHOW ENABLED_ROLES now lists both applogs and appuser as enabled roles for the user.
SET ROLE NONE disables all the users' enabled roles .
SHOW ENABLED_ROLES shows that no roles are enabled for the user.


=> SHOW AVAILABLE_ROLES;
      name       |          setting
-----------------+----------------------------
 available roles | applogs, appadmin, appuser
(1 row)

=> SET ROLE applogs;
SET
=> SHOW ENABLED_ROLES;
     name      | setting
---------------+---------
 enabled roles | applogs
(1 row)

=> SET ROLE appuser;
SET
=> SHOW ENABLED_ROLES;
     name      |     setting
---------------+------------------
 enabled roles | applogs, appuser
(1 row)

=> SET ROLE NONE;
SET


=> SHOW ENABLED_ROLES;
     name      | setting
---------------+---------
 enabled roles |
(1 row)

Set User Default Roles

Though the DBADMIN user is normally responsible for setting a user's default roles, as a user you can set your own role. For example, if you run SET ROLE NONE all of your enabled roles are disabled. Then it was determined you need access to role1 as a default role. The DBADMIN uses ALTER USER to assign you a default role:

=> ALTER USER user1 default role role1;

This example sets role1 as user1's default role because the DBADMIN assigned this default role using ALTER USER.

user1 => SET ROLE default;
user1 => SHOW ENABLED_ROLES;
    name      | setting
-----------------------
enabled roles |   role1
(1 row)

Set All Roles as Default

This example makes all roles granted to user1 default roles:

user1 => SET ROLE all;
user1 => show enabled roles;
    name      |   setting
----------------------------------
enabled roles | role1, role2, role3
(1 row)

Set All Roles as Default With EXCEPT

This example makes all the roles granted to the user default roles with the exception of role1.

user1 => set role all except role1;
user1 => SHOW ENABLED_ROLES
     name     | setting
----------------------------
enabled roles | role2, role3
(1 row)

37.6 - SET SEARCH_PATH

Specifies the order in which Vertica searches schemas when a SQL statement specifies a table name that is unqualified by a schema name.

Specifies the order in which Vertica searches schemas when a SQL statement specifies a table name that is unqualified by a schema name. SET SEARCH_PATH overrides the current session's search path, which is initially set from the user profile. This search path remains in effect until the next SET SEARCH_PATH statement, or the session ends. For details, see Setting search paths.

To view the current search path, use SHOW SEARCH_PATH.

Syntax

SET SEARCH_PATH { TO | = } { schema-list | DEFAULT }

Parameters

schema-list

A comma-delimited list of schemas that indicates the order in which Vertica searches schemas for a table whose name is unqualified by a schema name.

If the search path includes a schema that does not exist, or for which the user lacks access privileges, Vertica silently skips over that schema.

DEFAULT

Sets the search path to the database default:

"$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal

Privileges

None

Examples

Show the current search path:

=> SHOW SEARCH_PATH;
    name     |                      setting
-------------+---------------------------------------------------
 search_path | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal
(1 row)

Reset the search path to schemas store and public:

=> SET SEARCH_PATH TO store, public;
=> SHOW SEARCH_PATH;
    name     |                     setting
-------------+-------------------------------------------------
 search_path | store, public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal
(1 row)

Reset the search path to the database default settings:

=> SET SEARCH_PATH TO DEFAULT;
SET
=> SHOW SEARCH_PATH;
    name     |                      setting
-------------+---------------------------------------------------
 search_path | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal
(1 row)

37.7 - SET SESSION AUTOCOMMIT

Sets whether statements automatically commit their transactions on completion.

Sets whether statements automatically commit their transactions on completion. This statement is primarily used by the client drivers to enable and disable autocommit, you should never have to directly call it.

Syntax

SET SESSION AUTOCOMMIT TO { ON | OFF }

Parameters

ON: Enable autocommit. Statements automatically commit their transactions when they complete. This is the default setting for connections made using the Vertica client libraries.
OFF: Disable autocommit. Transactions are not automatically committed. This is the default for interactive sessions (connections made through vsql).

Privileges

None

Examples

This examples show how to set AUTOCOMMIT to 'on' and then to 'off'.

=> SET SESSION AUTOCOMMIT TO on;
SET
=> SET SESSION AUTOCOMMIT TO off;
SET

37.8 - SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION

Sets the isolation level and access mode of all transactions that start after this statement is issued.

A transaction retains its isolation level until it completes, even if the session's isolation level changes during the transaction. Vertica internal processes (such as the Tuple Mover and refresh operations) and DDL operations always run at the SERIALIZABLE isolation level to ensure consistency.

Syntax

SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION settings

settings

One or both of the following:

ISOLATION LEVEL argument
[READ ONLY | READ WRITE](#ReadWrite)

ISOLATION LEVEL arguments

The ISOLATION LEVEL clause determines what data the transaction can access when other transactions run concurrently. You cannot change the isolation level after the first query (SELECT) or DML statement (INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE) if a transaction has run.

Set ISOLATION LEVEL to one of the following arguments:

SERIALIZABLE

Sets the strictest level of SQL transaction isolation. This level emulates transactions serially, rather than concurrently. It holds locks and blocks write operations until the transaction completes.

Applications that use SERIALIZABLE must be prepared to retry transactions in the event of serialization failures. This isolation level is not recommended for normal query operations.

Setting the transaction isolation level to SERIALIZABLE does not apply to temporary tables. Temporary tables are isolated by their transaction scope.

REPEATABLE READ

Automatically converted to SERIALIZABLE.

READ COMMITTED

Default, allows concurrent transactions.

READ UNCOMMITTED

Automatically converted to READ COMMITTED.

READ WRITE/READ ONLY

You can set the transaction access mode with one of the following:

READ WRITE

Default, allows read/write access to SQL statements.

READ ONLY

Disallows SQL statements that require write access:

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY operations on any non-temporary table.
CREATE, ALTER, and DROP
GRANT, REVOKE
EXPLAIN if the SQL statement to explain requires write access.

Note

Setting the transaction session mode to read-only does not prevent all write operations.

Privileges

None

Viewing session transaction characteristics

SHOW TRANSACTION_ISOLATION and SHOW TRANSACTION_READ_ONLY show the transaction settings for the current session:

=> SHOW TRANSACTION_ISOLATION;
         name          |   setting
-----------------------+--------------
 transaction_isolation | SERIALIZABLE
(1 row)

=> SHOW TRANSACTION_READ_ONLY;
         name          | setting
-----------------------+---------
 transaction_read_only | true
(1 row)

37.9 - SET SESSION GRACEPERIOD

Sets how long a session socket remains blocked while awaiting client input or output for a given query.

Sets how long a session socket remains blocked while awaiting client input or output for a given query. If the socket is blocked for a continuous period that exceeds the grace period setting, the server shuts down the socket and throws a fatal error. The session is then terminated. If no grace period is set, the query can maintain its block on the socket indefinitely.

Vertica applies a session's grace period and RUNTIMECAP settings independently. If no grace period is set, a query can continue to block indefinitely on a session socket, regardless of the query's RUNTIMECAP setting.

Syntax

SET SESSION GRACEPERIOD duration

Parameters

duration

Specifies how long a query can block on any session socket, one of the following:

'interval': Specifies as an interval the maximum grace period for current session queries, up to 20 days.
=DEFAULT: Sets the grace period for queries in this session to the user's GRACEPERIOD value. A new session is initially set to this value.
NONE: Valid only for superusers, removes any grace period previously set on session queries.

Privileges

Superusers can increase session grace period to any value, regardless of database or node settings.
Non-superusers can only set the session grace period to a value equal to or lower than their own user setting. If no grace period is explicitly set for a user, the grace period for that user is inherited from the node or database settings.

Examples

See Handling session socket blocking in the Administrator's Guide.

37.10 - SET SESSION IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT

Sets the maximum amount of time that a session can remain idle before it exits.

Note

An idle session has no queries running.

Syntax

SET SESSION IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT duration

Parameters

duration

Specifies the amount of time a session can remain idle before it exits:

NONE (default): No idle timeout set on the session.
'interval': Specifies as an interval the maximum amount of time a session can remain idle.
=DEFAULT: Sets the idle timeout period for this session to the user's IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT value.

Privileges

Superusers can increase the time a session can remain idle to any value, regardless of database or node settings.
Non-superusers can only set the session idle time to a value equal to or lower than their own user setting. If no session idle time is explicitly set for a user, the session idle time for that user is inherited from the node or database settings.

Examples

See Managing client connections in the Administrator's Guide.

37.11 - SET SESSION MEMORYCAP

Limits how much memory can be allocated to any request in the current.

Limits how much memory can be allocated to any request in the current session. This limit only applies to the current session; it does not limit the total amount of memory used by multiple sessions.

Syntax

SET SESSION MEMORYCAP limit

Parameters

limit

One of the following:

'max-expression': A string value that specifies the memory limit, one of the following:
- int% — Expresses the maximum as a percentage of total memory available to the Resource manager, where int is an integer value between 0 and 100.For example:
  
  MEMORYCAP '40%'
- int{K|M|G|T} — Expresses memory allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example:
  
  MEMORYCAP '10G'
=DEFAULT: Sets the memory cap for queries in this session to the user's MEMORYCAP value.A new session is initially set to this value.
NONE: Removes the memory cap for this session.

Privileges

Superusers can increase session memory cap to any value.
Non-superusers can only set the session memory cap to a value equal to or lower than their own user setting.

Examples

Set the session memory cap to 2 gigabytes:

=> SET SESSION MEMORYCAP '2G';
SET
=> SHOW MEMORYCAP;
   name    | setting
-----------+---------
 memorycap | 2097152
(1 row)

Revert the memory cap to the default setting as specified in the user profile:


=> SET MEMORYCAP=DEFAULT;
SET
=> SHOW MEMORYCAP;
   name    | setting
-----------+---------
 memorycap | 2013336
(1 row)

37.12 - SET SESSION MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS

Enables or disable the execution of multiple active result sets (MARS) on a single JDBC connection.

Enables or disable the execution of multiple active result sets (MARS) on a single JDBC connection. Using this option requires an active JDBC connection.

Syntax

SET SESSION MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS TO { ON | OFF }

Parameters

ON: Enable MultipleActiveResultSets.Allows you to execute multiple result sets on a single connection.
OFF: Disable MultipleActiveResultSets. Allows only one active result set per connection.(Default value.)

Privileges

None

Examples

This example shows how you can set MultipleActiveResultSets to on and then to off:

=> SET SESSION MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS TO on;
SET
=> SET SESSION MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS TO off;
SET

37.13 - SET SESSION RESOURCE_POOL

Associates the user with the specified resource pool.

Associates the user session with the specified resource pool.

Syntax

SET SESSION RESOURCE_POOL = { pool-name | DEFAULT }

Parameters

pool-name: The name of an existing resource pool to associate with the current session.
DEFAULT: Sets the session's resource pool to the user's default resource pool.

Privileges

Superusers can assign their session to any available resource pool.
Non-superusers must have USAGE privileges for the resource pool.

Examples

This example sets ceo_pool as the session resource pool:

=> SET SESSION RESOURCE_POOL = ceo_pool;
SET

37.14 - SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP

Sets the maximum amount of time queries and stored procedures can run in a given session.

Sets the maximum amount of time queries and stored procedures can run in a given session. If a query or stored procedure exceeds its session's RUNTIMECAP, Vertica terminates it and returns an error. You cannot increase the RUNTIMECAP beyond the limit that is set in your user profile.

Note

Vertica does not strictly enforce session RUNTIMECAP settings. If you time a query or stored procedure, you might discover that it runs longer than the RUNTIMECAP setting.

Syntax

SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP duration

Parameters

duration

Specifies how long a given query can run in the current session, one of the following:

NONE (default): Removes a runtime limit for all current session queries.
'interval': Specifies as an interval the maximum runtime for current session queries, up to one year—for example, 1 minute or 100 seconds.
=DEFAULT: Sets maximum runtime for queries in this session to the user's RUNTIMECAP value.

Privileges

Superusers can increase session RUNTIMECAP to any value.
Non-superusers can only set the session RUNTIMECAP to a value equal to or lower than their own user RUNTIMECAP.

Examples

Set the maximum query runtime for the current session to 10 minutes:

=> SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP '10 minutes';

Revert the session RUNTIMECAP to your user default setting:

=> SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP =DEFAULT;
SET
=> SHOW RUNTIMECAP;
    name    |  setting
------------+-----------
 runtimecap | UNLIMITED
(1 row)

Set the RUNTIMECAP to 1 SECOND and run an anonymous procedure with an infinite loop:

=> SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP '1 SECOND';
SET

=> DO $$
BEGIN
    LOOP
    END LOOP;
END;
$$;

ERROR 0:  Query exceeded maximum runtime
HINT:  Change the maximum runtime using SET SESSION RUNTIMECAP

37.15 - SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP

Sets the maximum amount of temporary file storage that any request issued by the can consume.

Sets the maximum amount of temporary file storage that any request issued by the session can consume. If a query's execution plan requires more storage space than the session TEMPSPACECAP, it returns an error.

Syntax

SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP limit

Arguments

limit

The maximum amount of temporary file storage to allocate to the current session, one of the following:

NONE (default): Unlimited temporary storage
= DEFAULT: Session TEMPSPACECAP is set to the user's TEMPSPACECAP value.
String that specifies the storage limit, one of the following:
- int% expresses the maximum as a percentage of total temporary storage available to the Resource Manager, where int is an integer value between 0 and 100. For example:
```
SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP '40%';
```
- int{K|M|G|T} expresses storage allocation in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. For example:
```
SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP '10G';
```

Privileges

Non-superusers:

Restricted to setting only their own sessions
Session TEMPSPACECAP cannot be greater than their own TEMPSPACECAP.

Examples

Set the session TEMPSPACECAP to 20 gigabytes:

=> SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP '20G';
SET
=> SHOW TEMPSPACECAP;
     name     | setting
--------------+----------
 tempspacecap | 20971520
(1 row)

Note

SHOW displays the TEMPSPACECAP in kilobytes.

Set the session TEMPSPACECAP to unlimited:

=> SET SESSION TEMPSPACECAP NONE;
SET
=> SHOW TEMPSPACECAP;
     name     |  setting
--------------+-----------
 tempspacecap | UNLIMITED
(1 row)

37.16 - SET STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS

Specifies whether to treat backslashes as escape characters for the current session.

Specifies whether to treat backslashes as escape characters for the current session. By default, Vertica conforms to the SQL standard and supports SQL:2008 string literals within Unicode escapes.

Syntax

SET STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS TO { ON | OFF }

Parameters

ON: (Default) Treat ordinary string literals ('...') as backslashes () literally. This means that backslashes are treated as string literals and not as escape characters.
OFF: Treat backslashes as escape characters.

Privileges

None

Requirements

This statement works under vsql only.
Standard-conforming strings must be ON to use Unicode-style string literals (U&'\nnnn').

Tip

You can set conforming strings across all sessions by setting the configuration parameter StandardConformingStrings with ALTER DATABASE...SET PARAMETER.

Examples

Turn off conforming strings for the session:

=> SET STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS TO OFF;

Verify the current setting:

=> SHOW STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS;
            name             | setting
-----------------------------+---------
 standard_conforming_strings | off
(1 row)

Turn on conforming strings for the session:

=> SET STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS TO ON;

37.17 - SET TIME ZONE

Changes the TIME ZONE run-time parameter for the current.

Changes the TIME ZONE run-time parameter for the current session. Use SHOW TIMEZONE to show the session's current time zone.

If you set the timezone using POSIX format, the timezone abbreviation you use overrides the default timezone abbreviation. If the date style is set to POSTGRES, the timezone abbreviation you use is also used when converting a timestamp to a string.

Syntax

SET TIME ZONE [TO] { value | 'value' }

Note

Vertica treats literals TIME ZONE and TIMEZONE as synonyms.

Parameters

value

One of the following:

A time zone literal supported by Vertica. To view the default list of valid literals, see the files in the following directory:
```
/opt/vertica/share/timezonesets
```
A signed integer representing an offset from UTC in hours
A time zone literal with a signed integer offset. For example:
```
=> SET TIME ZONE TO 'America/New York -3'; -- equivalent to Pacific time
```
Note
Only valid timezone+offset combinations are meaningful as arguments to SET TIME ZONE. However, Vertica does not return an error for meaningless combinations—for example, America/NewYork + 150.
An interval value
Constants LOCAL and DEFAULT, which respectively set the time zone to the one specified in environment variable TZ, or if TZ is undefined, to the operating system time zone.

Only valid (timezone+offset) combination are acceptable as parameter for this function.

Privileges

None

Examples

=> SET TIME ZONE TO DEFAULT;
=> SET TIME ZONE TO 'PST8PDT'; -- Berkeley, California
=> SET TIME ZONE TO 'Europe/Rome'; -- Italy
=> SET TIME ZONE TO '-7'; -- UDT offset equivalent to PDT
=> SET TIME ZONE TO INTERVAL '-08:00 HOURS';

37.17.1 - Time zone names for setting TIME ZONE

The time zone names listed below are recognized by Vertica as valid settings for the SQL time zone (the TIME ZONE run-time parameter).

Note

Time zone and daylight-saving rules are controlled by individual governments, and are subject to change. For the latest information, see Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Data.

These names are not the same as the names shown in /opt/vertica/share/timezonesets, which are recognized by Vertica in date/time input values. The TIME ZONE names listed below imply a local Daylight Saving Time rule, where date/time input names represent a fixed offset from UTC.

In many cases, the same zone has several names. These are grouped together. The list is sorted primarily by commonly used zone names.

In addition to the names in the list, Vertica accepts time zone names as one of the following:

STDoffset
STDoffsetDST

where STD is a zone abbreviation, offset is a numeric offset in hours west from UTC, and DST is an optional Daylight Saving Time zone abbreviation, assumed to stand for one hour ahead of the given offset.

For example, if EST5EDT were not already a recognized zone name, Vertica accepts it as functionally equivalent to USA East Coast time. When a Daylight Saving Time zone name is present, Vertica assumes it uses USA time zone rules, so this feature is of limited use outside North America.

Caution

Be aware that this provision can lead to silently accepting invalid input, as there is no check on the reasonableness of the zone abbreviations. For example, SET TIME ZONE TO FOOBANKO works, leaving the system effectively using a rather peculiar abbreviation for GMT.

Time zone

Time zones

Africa:
- Africa/Abidjan
- Africa/Accra
- Africa/Addis_Ababa
- Africa/Algiers
- Africa/Asmera
- Africa/Bamako
- Africa/Bangui
- Africa/Banjul
- Africa/Bissau
- Africa/Blantyre
- Africa/Brazzaville
- Africa/Bujumbura
- Africa/Cairo Egypt
- Africa/Casablanca
- Africa/Ceuta
- Africa/Conakry
- Africa/Dakar
- Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
- Africa/Djibouti
- Africa/Douala
- Africa/El_Aaiun
- Africa/Freetown
- Africa/Gaborone
- Africa/Harare
- Africa/Johannesburg
- Africa/Kampala
- Africa/Khartoum
- Africa/Kigali
- Africa/Kinshasa
- Africa/Lagos
- Africa/Libreville
- Africa/Lome
- Africa/Luanda
- Africa/Lubumbashi
- Africa/Lusaka
- Africa/Malabo
- Africa/Maputo
- Africa/Maseru
- Africa/Mbabane
- Africa/Mogadishu
- Africa/Monrovia
- Africa/Nairobi
- Africa/Ndjamena
- Africa/Niamey
- Africa/Nouakchott
- Africa/Ouagadougou
- Africa/Porto-Novo
- Africa/Sao_Tome
- Africa/Timbuktu
- Africa/Tripoli Libya
- Africa/Tunis
- Africa/Windhoek
America
- America/Adak America/Atka US/Aleutian
- America/Anchorage SystemV/YST9YDT US/Alaska
- America/Anguilla
- America/Antigua
- America/Araguaina
- America/Aruba
- America/Asuncion
- America/Bahia
- America/Barbados
- America/Belem
- America/Belize
- America/Boa_Vista
- America/Bogota
- America/Boise
- America/Buenos_Aires
- America/Cambridge_Bay
- America/Campo_Grande
- America/Cancun
- America/Caracas
- America/Catamarca
- America/Cayenne
- America/Cayman
- America/Chicago CST6CDT SystemV/CST6CDT US/Central
- America/Chihuahua
- America/Cordoba America/Rosario
- America/Costa_Rica
- America/Cuiaba
- America/Curacao
- America/Danmarkshavn
- America/Dawson
- America/Dawson_Creek
- America/Denver MST7MDT SystemV/MST7MDT US/Mountain America/Shiprock Navajo
- America/Detroit US/Michigan
- America/Dominica
- America/Edmonton Canada/Mountain
- America/Eirunepe
- America/El_Salvador
- America/Ensenada America/Tijuana Mexico/BajaNorte
- America/Fortaleza
- America/Glace_Bay
- America/Godthab
- America/Goose_Bay
- America/Grand_Turk
- America/Grenada
- America/Guadeloupe
- America/Guatemala
- America/Guayaquil
- America/Guyana
- America/Halifax Canada/Atlantic SystemV/AST4ADT
- America/Havana Cuba
- America/Hermosillo
- America/Indiana/Indianapolis
- America/Indianapolis
- America/Fort_Wayne EST SystemV/EST5 US/East-Indiana
- America/Indiana/Knox America/Knox_IN US/Indiana-Starke
- America/Indiana/Marengo
- America/Indiana/Vevay
- America/Inuvik
- America/Iqaluit
- America/Jamaica Jamaica
- America/Jujuy
- America/Juneau
- America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville
- America/Kentucky/Monticello
- America/La_Paz
- America/Lima
- America/Los_Angeles PST8PDT SystemV/PST8PDT US/Pacific US/Pacific- New
- America/Maceio
- America/Managua
- America/Manaus Brazil/West
- America/Martinique
- America/Mazatlan Mexico/BajaSur
- America/Mendoza
- America/Menominee
- America/Merida
- America/Mexico_City Mexico/General
- America/Miquelon
- America/Monterrey
- America/Montevideo
- America/Montreal
- America/Montserrat
- America/Nassau
- America/New_York EST5EDT SystemV/EST5EDT US/Eastern
- America/Nipigon
- America/Nome
- America/Noronha Brazil/DeNoronha
- America/North_Dakota/Center
- America/Panama
- America/Pangnirtung
- America/Paramaribo
- America/Phoenix MST SystemV/MST7 US/Arizona
- America/Port-au-Prince
- America/Port_of_Spain
- America/Porto_Acre America/Rio_Branco Brazil/Acre
- America/Porto_Velho
- America/Puerto_Rico SystemV/AST4
- America/Rainy_River
- America/Rankin_Inlet
- America/Recife
- America/Regina Canada/East-Saskatchewan Canada/Saskatchewan SystemV/CST6
- America/Santiago Chile/Continental
- America/Santo_Domingo
- America/Sao_Paulo Brazil/East
- America/Scoresbysund
- America/St_Johns Canada/Newfoundland
- America/St_Kitts
- America/St_Lucia
- America/St_Thomas America/Virgin
- America/St_Vincent
- America/Swift_Current
- America/Tegucigalpa
- America/Thule
- America/Thunder_Bay
- America/Toronto Canada/Eastern
- America/Tortola
- America/Vancouver Canada/Pacific
- America/Whitehorse Canada/Yukon
- America/Winnipeg Canada/Central
- America/Yakutat
- America/Yellowknife
Antarctica
- Antarctica/Casey
- Antarctica/Davis
- Antarctica/DumontDUrville
- Antarctica/Mawson
- Antarctica/McMurdo
- Antarctica/South_Pole
- Antarctica/Palmer
- Antarctica/Rothera
- Antarctica/Syowa
- Antarctica/Vostok
Asia
- Asia/Aden
- Asia/Almaty
- Asia/Amman
- Asia/Anadyr
- Asia/Aqtau
- Asia/Aqtobe
- Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad
- Asia/Baghdad
- Asia/Bahrain
- Asia/Baku
- Asia/Bangkok
- Asia/Beirut
- Asia/Bishkek
- Asia/Brunei
- Asia/Calcutta
- Asia/Choibalsan
- Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
- Asia/Colombo
- Asia/Dacca Asia/Dhaka
- Asia/Damascus
- Asia/Dili
- Asia/Dubai
- Asia/Dushanbe
- Asia/Gaza
- Asia/Harbin
- Asia/Hong_Kong Hongkong
- Asia/Hovd
- Asia/Irkutsk
- Asia/Jakarta
- Asia/Jayapura
- Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv Israel
- Asia/Kabul
- Asia/Kamchatka
- Asia/Karachi
- Asia/Kashgar
- Asia/Katmandu
- Asia/Krasnoyarsk
- Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
- Asia/Kuching
- Asia/Kuwait
- Asia/Macao Asia/Macau
- Asia/Magadan
- Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang
- Asia/Manila
- Asia/Muscat
- Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
- Asia/Novosibirsk
- Asia/Omsk
- Asia/Oral
- Asia/Phnom_Penh
- Asia/Pontianak
- Asia/Pyongyang
- Asia/Qatar
- Asia/Qyzylorda
- Asia/Rangoon
- Asia/Riyadh
- Asia/Riyadh87 Mideast/Riyadh87
- Asia/Riyadh88 Mideast/Riyadh88
- Asia/Riyadh89 Mideast/Riyadh89
- Asia/Saigon
- Asia/Sakhalin
- Asia/Samarkand
- Asia/Seoul ROK
- Asia/Shanghai PRC
- Asia/Singapore Singapore
- Asia/Taipei ROC
- Asia/Tashkent
- Asia/Tbilisi
- Asia/Tehran Iran
- Asia/Thimbu Asia/Thimphu
- Asia/Tokyo Japan
- Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator
- Asia/Urumqi
- Asia/Vientiane
- Asia/Vladivostok
- Asia/Yakutsk
- Asia/Yekaterinburg
- Asia/Yerevan
Atlantic
- Atlantic/Azores
- Atlantic/Bermuda
- Atlantic/Canary
- Atlantic/Cape_Verde
- Atlantic/Faeroe
- Atlantic/Madeira
- Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland
- Atlantic/South_Georgia
- Atlantic/St_Helena
- Atlantic/Stanley
Australia
- Australia/ACT
- Australia/Canberra
- Australia/NSW
- Australia/Sydney
- Australia/Adelaide
- Australia/South
- Australia/Brisbane
- Australia/Queensland
- Australia/Broken_Hill
- Australia/Yancowinna
- Australia/Darwin
- Australia/North
- Australia/Hobart
- Australia/Tasmania
- Australia/LHI
- Australia/Lord_Howe
- Australia/Lindeman
- Australia/Melbourne
- Australia/Victoria
- Australia/Perth Australia/West
CET
EET
Etc/GMT
- GMT
- GMT+0
- GMT-0
- GMT0
- Greenwich
- Etc/Greenwich
- Etc/GMT+0...Etc/GMT+12
- Etc/GMT-0...Etc/GMT-14
Europe
- Europe/Amsterdam
- Europe/Andorra
- Europe/Athens
- Europe/Belfast
- Europe/Belgrade
- Europe/Ljubljana
- Europe/Sarajevo
- Europe/Skopje
- Europe/Zagreb
- Europe/Berlin
- Europe/Brussels
- Europe/Bucharest
- Europe/Budapest
- Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol
- Europe/Copenhagen
- Europe/Dublin Eire
- Europe/Gibraltar
- Europe/Helsinki
- Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul Turkey
- Europe/Kaliningrad
- Europe/Kiev
- Europe/Lisbon Portugal
- Europe/London GB GB-Eire
- Europe/Luxembourg
- Europe/Madrid
- Europe/Malta
- Europe/Minsk
- Europe/Monaco
- Europe/Moscow W-SU
- Europe/Oslo
- Arctic/Longyearbyen
- Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
- Europe/Paris
- Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
- Europe/Riga
- Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino Europe/Vatican
- Europe/Samara
- Europe/Simferopol
- Europe/Sofia
- Europe/Stockholm
- Europe/Tallinn
- Europe/Tirane
- Europe/Uzhgorod
- Europe/Vaduz
- Europe/Vienna
- Europe/Vilnius
- Europe/Warsaw Poland
- Europe/Zaporozhye
- Europe/Zurich
Factory
Indian
- Indian/Antananarivo
- Indian/Chagos
- Indian/Christmas
- Indian/Cocos
- Indian/Comoro
- Indian/Kerguelen
- Indian/Mahe
- Indian/Maldives
- Indian/Mauritius
- Indian/Mayotte
- Indian/Reunion
MET
Pacific
- Pacific/Apia
- Pacific/Auckland NZ
- Pacific/Chatham NZ-CHAT
- Pacific/Easter
- Chile/EasterIsland
- Pacific/Efate
- Pacific/Enderbury
- Pacific/Fakaofo
- Pacific/Fiji
- Pacific/Funafuti
- Pacific/Galapagos
- Pacific/Gambier SystemV/YST9
- Pacific/Guadalcanal
- Pacific/Guam
- Pacific/Honolulu HST SystemV/HST10 US/Hawaii
- Pacific/Johnston
- Pacific/Kiritimati
- Pacific/Kosrae
- Pacific/Kwajalein Kwajalein
- Pacific/Majuro
- Pacific/Marquesas
- Pacific/Midway
- Pacific/Nauru
- Pacific/Niue
- Pacific/Norfolk
- Pacific/Noumea
- Pacific/Pago_Pago
- Pacific/Samoa US/Samoa
- Pacific/Palau
- Pacific/Pitcairn SystemV/PST8
- Pacific/Ponape
- Pacific/Port_Moresby
- Pacific/Rarotonga
- Pacific/Saipan
- Pacific/Tahiti
- Pacific/Tarawa
- Pacific/Tongatapu
- Pacific/Truk
- Pacific/Wake
- Pacific/Wallis
- Pacific/Yap
UCT Etc
UCT
UTC
- Universal Zulu
- Etc/UTC
- Etc/Universal
- Etc/Zulu
WET

38 - SHOW

Shows run-time parameters for the current session.

Syntax

SHOW { parameter | ALL }

Parameters

ALL

Shows all run-time settings.

AUTOCOMMIT

Returns on/off to indicate whether statements automatically commit their transactions when they complete.

AVAILABLE ROLES

Lists all roles available to the user.

DATESTYLE

Shows the current style of date values. See SET DATESTYLE.

ENABLED ROLES

Shows the roles enabled for the current session. See SET ROLE.

ESCAPE_STRING_WARNING

Returns on/off to indicate whether warnings are issued when backslash escapes are found in strings. See SET ESCAPE_STRING_WARNING.

GRACEPERIOD

Shows the session GRACEPERIOD set by SET SESSION GRACEPERIOD.

IDLESESSIONTIMEOUT

Shows how long the session can remain idle before it times out.

INTERVALSTYLE

Shows whether units are output when printing intervals. See SET INTERVALSTYLE.

LOCALE

Shows the current locale. See SET LOCALE.

MEMORYCAP

Shows the maximum amount of memory that any request use. See SET MEMORYCAP.

MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS

Returns on/off to indicate whether multiple active result sets on one connection are allowed. See SET SESSION MULTIPLEACTIVERESULTSETS.

RESOURCE POOL

Shows the resource pool that the session is using. See SET RESOURCE POOL.

RUNTIMECAP

Shows the maximum amount of time that queries can run in the session. See SET RUNTIMECAP.

SEARCH_PATH

Shows the order in which Vertica searches schemas. See SET SEARCH_PATH. For example:

=> SHOW SEARCH_PATH;
    name     |                      setting
-------------+---------------------------------------------------
 search_path | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal
(1 row)

STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS

Shows whether backslash escapes are enabled for the session. See SET STANDARD_CONFORMING_STRINGS.

TEMPSPACECAP

Shows the maximum amount of temporary file space that queries can use in the session. See SET TEMPSPACECAP.

TIMEZONE

Shows the timezone set in the current session. See SET TIMEZONE.

TRANSACTION_ISOLATION

Shows the current transaction isolation setting, as described in SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION. For example:

=> SHOW TRANSACTION_ISOLATION;
         name          |    setting
-----------------------+----------------
 transaction_isolation | READ COMMITTED
(1 row)

TRANSACTION_READ_ONLY

Returns true/false to indicate the current read-only setting, as described in SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION. For example:

=> SHOW TRANSACTION_READ_ONLY;
         name          | setting
-----------------------+---------
 transaction_read_only | false
(1 row)

Privileges

None

Examples

Display all current runtime parameter settings:

=> SHOW ALL;
            name             |                          setting
-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------
 locale                      | en_US@collation=binary (LEN_KBINARY)
 autocommit                  | off
 standard_conforming_strings | on
 escape_string_warning       | on
 multipleactiveresultsets    | off
 datestyle                   | ISO, MDY
 intervalstyle               | plain
 timezone                    | America/New_York
 search_path                 | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal, v_func
 transaction_isolation       | READ COMMITTED
 transaction_read_only       | false
 resource_pool               | general
 memorycap                   | UNLIMITED
 tempspacecap                | UNLIMITED
 runtimecap                  | UNLIMITED
 idlesessiontimeout          | UNLIMITED
 graceperiod                 | UNLIMITED
 enabled roles               | dbduser*, dbadmin*, pseudosuperuser*
 available roles             | dbduser*, dbadmin*, pseudosuperuser*
 (19 rows)

39 - SHOW CURRENT

Displays active configuration parameter values that are set at all levels.

Displays active configuration parameter values that are set at all levels. Vertica first checks values set at the session level. If a value is not set for a configuration parameter at the session level, Vertica next checks if the value is set for the node where you are logged in, and then checks the database level. If no values are set, SHOW CURRENT shows the default value for the configuration parameter. If the configuration parameter requires a restart to take effect, the active values shown might differ from the set values.

Syntax

SHOW CURRENT { parameter-name[,...] | ALL }

Parameters

parameter-name: Names of configuration parameters to show.
ALL: Shows all configuration parameters set at all levels.

Privileges

Non-superuser: SHOW CURRENT ALL returns masked parameter settings. Attempts to view specific parameter settings return an error.

Examples

Show configuration parameters and their settings at all levels.

=> SHOW CURRENT ALL;
level    |    name                   |setting
---------+---------------------------+---------
DEFAULT  | ActivePartitionCount      | 1
DEFAULT  | AdvanceAHMInterval        | 180
DEFAULT  | AHMBackupManagement       | 0
DATABASE | AnalyzeRowCountInterval   | 3600
SESSION  | ForceUDxFencedMode        | 1
NODE     | MaxClientSessions         | 0
...

40 - SHOW DATABASE

Displays configuration parameter values that are set for the database.

Important

You can also get detailed information on configuration parameters, including their current and default values, by querying system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS.

Note

If the configuration parameter is set but requires a database restart to take effect, the value shown might differ from the active value.

Syntax

SHOW DATABASE db-spec { parameter-name[,...] | ALL }

Parameters

db-spec

Specifies the current database, set to the database name or DEFAULT.

parameter-name

Names of one or more configuration parameters to show.Non-superusers can only specify parameters whose settings are not masked by SHOW DATABASE...ALL, otherwise Vertica returns an error.

If you specify a single parameter that is not set, SHOW DATABASE returns an empty row for that parameter.

To obtain the names of database-level parameters, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS.

ALL

Shows all configuration parameters set at the database level.For non-superusers, Vertica masks settings of security parameters, which only superusers can access.

Privileges

Superuser: Shows all database parameter settings.
Non-superuser: Masks all security parameter settings, which only superusers can access. To determine which parameters require superuser privileges, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS.

Examples

Show to a non-superuser all configuration parameters that are set on the database:

=> SHOW DATABASE DEFAULT ALL;
              name              | setting
--------------------------------+----------
 AllowNumericOverflow           | 1
 CopyFaultTolerantExpressions   | 1
 GlobalHeirUsername             | ********
 MaxClientSessions              | 50
 NumericSumExtraPrecisionDigits | 0
(6 rows)

Show settings for two configuration parameters:

=> SHOW DATABASE DEFAULT AllowNumericOverflow, NumericSumExtraPrecisionDigits;
              name              | setting
--------------------------------+---------
 AllowNumericOverflow           | 1
 NumericSumExtraPrecisionDigits | 0
(2 rows)

41 - SHOW NODE

Displays configuration parameter values that are set for a node.

Displays configuration parameter values that are set for a node. If you specify a parameter that is not set, SHOW NODE returns an empty row for that parameter.

Note

If the configuration parameter is set but requires a database restart to take effect, the value shown might differ from the active value.

Syntax

SHOW NODE node-name { parameter-name [,...] | ALL }

Parameters

node-name: Name of the target node.
parameter-name: Names of one or more node-level configuration parameters. To obtain the names of node-level parameters, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS.
ALL: Shows all configuration parameters set at the node level.

Privileges

None

Examples

View all configuration parameters and their settings for node v_vmart_node0001:

=> SHOW NODE v_vmart_node0001 ALL;
           name            | setting
---------------------------+---------
 DefaultIdleSessionTimeout | 5 hour
 MaxClientSessions         | 20

42 - SHOW SESSION

Displays configuration parameter values that are set for the current session.

Displays configuration parameter values that are set for the current session. If you specify a parameter that is not set, SHOW SESSION returns an empty row for that parameter.

Note

If the configuration parameter is set but requires a database restart to take effect, the value shown might differ from the active value.

Syntax

SHOW SESSION { ALL | UDPARAMETER ALL }

Parameters

ALL: Shows all Vertica configuration parameters set at the session level.
UDPARAMETER ALL: Shows all parameters defined by user-defined extensions. These parameters are not shown in the CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS table.

Privileges

None

Examples

View all Vertica configuration parameters and their settings for the current session. User-defined parameters are not included:

=> SHOW SESSION ALL;
name                        |                      setting
----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------
locale                      | en_US@collation=binary (LEN_KBINARY)
autocommit                  | off
standard_conforming_strings | on
escape_string_warning       | on
datestyle                   | ISO, MDY
intervalstyle               | plain
timezone                    | America/New_York
search_path                 | "$user", public, v_catalog, v_monitor, v_internal
transaction_isolation       | READ COMMITTED
transaction_read_only       | false
resource_pool               | general
memorycap                   | UNLIMITED
tempspacecap                | UNLIMITED
runtimecap                  | UNLIMITED
enabled roles               | dbduser*, dbadmin*, pseudosuperuser*
available roles             | dbduser*, dbadmin*, pseudosuperuser*
ForceUDxFencedMode          | 1
(17 rows)

43 - SHOW USER

Displays configuration parameter settings for database users.

Displays configuration parameter settings for database users. To get the names of user-level parameters, query system table CONFIGURATION_PARAMETERS:

SELECT parameter_name, allowed_levels FROM configuration_parameters
      WHERE allowed_levels ilike '%USER%' AND parameter_name ilike '%depot%';
     parameter_name      |     allowed_levels
-------------------------+-------------------------
 UseDepotForWrites       | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 DepotOperationsForQuery | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
 UseDepotForReads        | SESSION, USER, DATABASE
(3 rows)

Syntax

SHOW USER { user-name | ALL } [PARAMETER] { cfg-parameter [,...] | ALL }

Parameters

user-name | ALL: Show parameter settings for the specified user, or for all users.
[PARAMETER] parameter-list: A comma-delimited list of user-level configuration parameters.
PARAMETER ALL: Show all configuration parameters that are set for the specified users.

Privileges

Non-superusers: Can view only their own configuration parameter settings.

Examples

The following example shows configuration parameter settings for two users, Yvonne and Ahmed:

=> SELECT user_name FROM v_catalog.users WHERE user_name != 'dbadmin';
 user_name
-----------
 Ahmed
 Yvonne
(2 rows)

=> SHOW USER Yvonne PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
(1 row)

=> ALTER USER Yvonne SET PARAMETER UseDepotForWrites = 0;
ALTER USER
=> SHOW USER Yvonne PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | UseDepotForWrites       | 0
(2 rows)

=> ALTER USER Ahmed SET PARAMETER DepotOperationsForQuery = 'Fetches';
ALTER USER
=> SHOW USER ALL PARAMETER ALL;
  user  |        parameter        | setting
--------+-------------------------+---------
 Ahmed  | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | DepotOperationsForQuery | Fetches
 Yvonne | UseDepotForWrites       | 0
(3 rows)

44 - START TRANSACTION

Starts a transaction block.

Syntax

START TRANSACTION [ isolation_level ]

where isolation_level is one of:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }READ { ONLY | WRITE }

Parameters

Isolation level, described in the following table, determines what data the transaction can access when other transactions are running concurrently. The isolation level cannot be changed after the first query (SELECT) or DML statement (INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE) has run. A transaction retains its isolation level until it completes, even if the session's isolation level changes during the transaction. Vertica internal processes (such as the Tuple Mover and refresh operations) and DDL operations always run at the SERIALIZABLE isolation level to ensure consistency.

WORK | TRANSACTION

Have no effect; they are optional keywords for readability.

ISOLATION LEVEL { | SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }

SERIALIZABLE: Sets the strictest level of SQL transaction isolation. This level emulates transactions serially, rather than concurrently. It holds locks and blocks write operations until the transaction completes. Not recommended for normal query operations.
REPEATABLE READ: Automatically converted to SERIALIZABLE by Vertica.
READ COMMITTED (Default): Allows concurrent transactions. Use READ COMMITTED isolation for normal query operations, but be aware that there is a subtle difference between them. SeeTransactionsfor more information.
READ UNCOMMITTED: Automatically converted to READ COMMITTED by Vertica.

READ {WRITE | ONLY}

Determines whether the transaction is read/write or read-only. Read/write is the default.

Setting the transaction session mode to read-only disallows the following SQL commands, but does not prevent all disk write operations:

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY if the table they would write to is not a temporary table
All CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands
GRANT, REVOKE, and EXPLAIN if the command it would run is among those listed.

Privileges

None

Notes

BEGIN performs the same function as START TRANSACTION.

Examples

This example shows how to start a transaction.

= > START TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED READ WRITE;
START TRANSACTION
=> CREATE TABLE sample_table (a INT);
CREATE TABLE
=> INSERT INTO sample_table (a) VALUES (1);
OUTPUT
--------
1
(1 row)

45 - TRUNCATE TABLE

Removes all storage associated with a table, while leaving the table definition intact.

Removes all storage associated with a table, while leaving the table definition intact. TRUNCATE TABLE auto-commits the current transaction after statement execution and cannot be rolled back.

TRUNCATE TABLE also performs the following actions:

Removes all table history preceding the current epoch. After TRUNCATE TABLE returns, AT EPOCH queries on the truncated table return nothing.
Drops all table- and partition-level statistics.

Syntax

TRUNCATE TABLE [[database.]schema.]table-name

Parameters

[database.]schema: Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.
*table-name*: The name of the anchor table or temporary table to truncate. You cannot truncate an external table.

Privileges

Non-superuser:

Table owner
USAGE privileges on table schema

Examples

See Truncating tables.

46 - UPDATE

Replaces the values of the specified columns in all rows for which a specified condition is true.

Replaces the values of the specified columns in all rows for which a specified condition is true. All other columns and rows in the table are unchanged. If successful, UPDATE returns the number of rows updated. A count of 0 indicates no rows matched the condition.

Important

The Vertica implementation of UPDATE differs from traditional databases. It does not delete data from disk storage; it writes two rows, one with new data and one marked for deletion. Rows marked for deletion remain available for historical queries.

Syntax

UPDATE [[database.]schema.]table-reference [AS] alias 
    SET set-expression [,...]
    [ FROM from-list ]
    [ where-clause ]

Note

UPDATE statements can also embed the following hints:

General: ALLNODES, EARLY_MATERIALIZATION, LABEL, SKIP_STATISTICS, VERBATIM
Join: SYNTACTIC_JOIN, DISTRIB, GBYTYPE, JTYPE, UTYPE
Projection: PROJS, SKIP_PROJS

Parameters

[database.]schema

Database and schema. The default schema is public. If you specify a database, it must be the current database.

*table-reference*

A table, one of the following:

An optionally qualified table name with optional table aliases, column aliases, and outer joins.
An outer join table.

You cannot update a projection.

*alias*

A temporary name used to reference the table.

SET set-expression

The columns to update from one or more set expressions. Each SET clause expression specifies a target column and its new value as follows:

column-name =  { expression | DEFAULT }

where:

*column-name* is any column that does not have primary key or foreign key referential integrity constraints and is not of a complex type. Native arrays are permitted.
expression specifies a value to assign to the column. The expression can use the current values of this and other table columns. For example:
```
=> UPDATE T1 SET C1 = C1+1
```
DEFAULT sets column-name to its default value, or is ignored if no default value is defined for this column.

UPDATE only modifies the columns specified by the SET clause. Unspecified columns remain unchanged.

FROM from-list

A list of table expressions, allowing columns from other tables to appear in the WHERE condition and the UPDATE expressions. This is similar to the list of tables that can be specified in the FROM clause of a SELECT command.

The FROM clause can reference the target table as follows:

FROM DEFAULT [join-type] JOIN table-reference [ ON join-predicate ]

DEFAULT specifies the table to update. This keyword can be used only once in the FROM clause, and it cannot be used elsewhere in the UPDATE statement.

Privileges

Table owner or user with GRANT OPTION is grantor.

UPDATE privilege on table
USAGE privilege on schema that contains the table
SELECT privilege on the table when executing an UPDATE statement that references table column values in a WHERE or SET clause

Subqueries and joins

UPDATE supports subqueries and joins, which is useful for updating values in a table based on values that are stored in other tables. For details, see Subqueries in UPDATE and DELETE statements.

Committing successive table changes

Restrictions

If the joins specified in the FROM clause or WHERE predicate produce more than one copy of the row in the target table, the new value of the row in the table is chosen arbitrarily.
You cannot update columns of complex types except for native arrays.
If primary key, unique key, or check constraints are enabled for automatic enforcement in the target table, Vertica enforces those constraints when you load new data. If a violation occurs, Vertica rolls back the operation and returns an error.

Examples

In the fact table, modify the price column value for all rows where the cost column value is greater than 100:

=> UPDATE fact SET price = price - cost * 80 WHERE cost > 100;

In the retail.customer table, set the state column to NH when the CID column value is greater than 100:

=> UPDATE retail.customer SET state = 'NH' WHERE CID > 100;

To use table aliases in UPDATE queries, consider the following two tables:

=> SELECT * FROM result_table;
 cust_id |      address
---------+--------------------
      20 | Lincoln Street
      30 | Beach Avenue
      30 | Booth Hill Road
      40 | Mt. Vernon Street
      50 | Hillside Avenue
(5 rows)
=> SELECT * FROM new_addresses;
 new_cust_id | new_address
-------------+---------------
          20 | Infinite Loop
          30 | Loop Infinite
          60 | New Addresses
(3 rows)

The following query and subquery use table aliases to update the address column in result_table (alias r) with the new address from the corresponding column in the new_addresses table (alias n):

=> UPDATE result_table r
   SET address=n.new_address
   FROM new_addresses n
   WHERE r.cust_id = n.new_cust_id;

result_table shows the address field updates made for customer IDs 20 and 30:

=> SELECT * FROM result_table ORDER BY cust_id;
 cust_id |     address
---------+------------------
      20 | Infinite Loop
      30 | Loop Infinite
      30 | Loop Infinite
      40 | Mt. Vernon Street
      50 | Hillside Avenue
(5 rows)

You cannot use UPDATE to update individual elements of native arrays. Instead, replace the entire array value. The following example uses ARRAY_CAT to add an element to an array column:

=> SELECT * FROM singers;
 lname  | fname |                    bands
--------+-------+---------------------------------------------
 Cher   |       | ["Sonny and Cher"]
 Jagger | Mick  | ["Rolling Stones"]
 Slick  | Grace | ["Jefferson Airplane","Jefferson Starship"]
(3 rows)

=> UPDATE singers SET bands=ARRAY_CAT(bands,ARRAY['something new'])
    WHERE lname='Cher';
 OUTPUT
--------
      1
(1 row)

=> SELECT * FROM singers;
 lname  | fname |                    bands
--------+-------+---------------------------------------------
 Jagger | Mick  | ["Rolling Stones"]
 Slick  | Grace | ["Jefferson Airplane","Jefferson Starship"]
 Cher   |       | ["Sonny and Cher","something new"]
(3 rows)

Statements

1 - ACTIVATE DIRECTED QUERY

Syntax

Parameters

Privileges

Activation life cycle

Examples

2 - ALTER statements

2.1 - ALTER ACCESS POLICY

Syntax

Parameters

Important

Privileges

Modify access policy

Copy access policy

Examples

See also

2.2 - ALTER AUTHENTICATION

Syntax

Parameters

Privileges

Examples

See also

2.3 - ALTER CA BUNDLE

Syntax

Parameters

Privileges

Examples

See also

2.4 - ALTER DATABASE

Syntax

Parameters

Privileges

2.5 - ALTER FAULT GROUP

Syntax

Parameters

Tip

Privileges

Examples

See also

2.6 - ALTER FUNCTION statements

2.6.1 - ALTER AGGREGATE FUNCTION

Syntax

Parameters

Note

Privileges

See also

2.6.2 - ALTER ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Syntax

Parameters

Note

Privileges

See also

2.6.3 - ALTER FILTER

Syntax

Parameters

Note

Privileges

See also

2.6.4 - ALTER FUNCTION (scalar)

Syntax

Parameters

Note

Privileges

Examples

See also

2.6.5 - ALTER FUNCTION (SQL)

Syntax

Parameters

Privileges

Examples

See also

2.6.6 - ALTER PARSER

Syntax

Parameters

Note

Privileges

See also

2.6.7 - ALTER SOURCE

Syntax

`OWNER TO`

`RENAME` and `SCHEMA TO`