OpenText Analytics Database 26.2.x – About locale

Admin: Locale handling

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The following sections describes how OpenText™ Analytics Database handles locale.

Session locale

Locale is session-scoped and applies only to queries executed in that session. You cannot specify locale for individual queries. When you start a session it obtains its locale from the configuration parameter DefaultSessionLocale.

Query restrictions

The following restrictions apply when queries are run with locale other than the default en_US@collation=binary:

When one or more of the left-side NOT IN columns is CHAR or VARCHAR, multi-column NOT IN subqueries are not supported . For example:

=> CREATE TABLE test (x VARCHAR(10), y INT);
=> SELECT ... FROM test WHERE (x,y) NOT IN (SELECT ...);
   ERROR: Multi-expression NOT IN subquery is not supported because a left
   hand expression could be NULL

Note

Even if columns test.x and test.y have a NOT NULL constraint, an error occurs.

If the outer query contains a GROUP BY clause on a CHAR or VARCHAR column, correlated HAVING clause subqueries are not supported. In the following example, the GROUP BY x in the outer query causes the error:

=> DROP TABLE test CASCADE;
=> CREATE TABLE test (x VARCHAR(10));
=> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test t GROUP BY x HAVING x
     IN (SELECT x FROM test WHERE t.x||'a' = test.x||'a' );
   ERROR: subquery uses ungrouped column "t.x" from outer query

Subqueries that use analytic functions in the HAVING clause are not supported. For example:

=> DROP TABLE test CASCADE;
=> CREATE TABLE test (x VARCHAR(10));
=> SELECT MAX(x)OVER(PARTITION BY 1 ORDER BY 1) FROM test
     GROUP BY x HAVING x IN (SELECT MAX(x) FROM test);
   ERROR: Analytics query with having clause expression that involves
   aggregates and subquery is not supported

Collation and projections

Projection data is sorted according to the default en_US@collation=binary collation. Thus, regardless of the session setting, issuing the following command creates a projection sorted by col1 according to the binary collation:

=> CREATE PROJECTION p1 AS SELECT * FROM table1 ORDER BY col1;

In such cases, straße and strasse are not stored near each other on disk.

Sorting by binary collation also means that sort optimizations do not work in locales other than binary. OpenText™ Analytics Database returns the following warning if you create tables or projections in a non-binary locale:

WARNING:  Projections are always created and persisted in the default
Vertica locale. The current locale is de_DE

Non-binary locale input handling

When the locale is non-binary, the database uses the COLLATION function to transform input to a binary string that sorts in the proper order.

This transformation increases the number of bytes required for the input according to this formula:

result_column_width = input_octet_width * CollationExpansion + 4

The default value of configuration parameter CollationExpansion is 5.

Character data type handling

CHAR fields are displayed as fixed length, including any trailing spaces. When CHAR fields are processed internally, they are first stripped of trailing spaces. For VARCHAR fields, trailing spaces are usually treated as significant characters; however, trailing spaces are ignored when sorting or comparing either type of character string field using a non-binary locale.
The maximum length parameter for VARCHAR and CHAR data type refers to the number of octets (bytes) that can be stored in that field and not number of characters. When using multi-byte UTF-8 characters, the fields must be sized to accommodate from 1 to 4 bytes per character, depending on the data.

Admin: Specifying locale: long form

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OpenText™ Analytics Database supports long forms that specify the collation keyword. The database extends long-form processing to accept collation arguments.

Syntax

[language][_script][_country][_variant][@collation-spec]

Note

The following syntax options apply:

Locale specification strings are case insensitive. For example, en_us and EN_US, are equivalent.
You can substitute underscores with hyphens. For example: [-script]

Parameters

language

A two- or three-letter lowercase code for a particular language. For example, Spanish is es English is en and French is fr. The two-letter language code uses the ISO-639 standard.

_script

An optional four-letter script code that follows the language code. If specified, it should be a valid script code as listed on the Unicode ISO 15924 Registry.

_country

A specific language convention within a generic language for a specific country or region. For example, French is spoken in many countries, but the currencies are different in each country. To allow for these differences among specific geographical, political, or cultural regions, locales are specified by two-letter, uppercase codes. For example, FR represents France and CA represents Canada. The two letter country code uses the ISO-3166 standard.

_variant

Differences may also appear in language conventions used within the same country. For example, the Euro currency is used in several European countries while the individual country's currency is still in circulation. To handle variations inside a language and country pair, add a third code, the variant code. The variant code is arbitrary and completely application-specific. ICU adds _EURO to its locale designations for locales that support the Euro currency. Variants can have any number of underscored key words. For example, EURO_WIN is a variant for the Euro currency on a Windows computer.

Another use of the variant code is to designate the Collation (sorting order) of a locale. For instance, the es__TRADITIONAL locale uses the traditional sorting order which is different from the default modern sorting of Spanish.

@collation-spec

The database only supports the keyword collation, as follows:

@collation=collation-type[;arg]...

Collation can specify one or more semicolon-delimited arguments, described below.

collation-type is set to one of the following values:

big5han: Pinyin ordering for Latin, big5 charset ordering for CJK characters (used in Chinese).
dict: For a dictionary-style ordering (such as in Sinhala).
direct: Hindi variant.
gb2312/gb2312han: Pinyin ordering for Latin, gb2312han charset ordering for CJK characters (used in Chinese).
phonebook: For a phonebook-style ordering (such as in German).
pinyin: Pinyin ordering for Latin and for CJK characters; that is, an ordering for CJK characters based on a character-by-character transliteration into a pinyin (used in Chinese).
reformed: Reformed collation (such as in Swedish).
standard: The default ordering for each language. For root it is [UCA] order; for each other locale it is the same as UCA (Unicode Collation Algorithm) ordering except for appropriate modifications to certain characters for that language. The following are additional choices for certain locales; they have effect only in certain locales.
stroke: Pinyin ordering for Latin, stroke order for CJK characters (used in Chinese) not supported.
traditional: For a traditional-style ordering (such as in Spanish).
unihan: Pinyin ordering for Latin, Unihan radical-stroke ordering for CJK characters (used in Chinese) not supported.
binary: The default, providing UTF-8 octet ordering.

Notes:

Collations might default to root, the ICU default collation.
Invalid values of the collation keyword and its synonyms do not cause an error. For example, the following does not generate an error. It simply ignores the invalid value:
```
=> \locale en_GB@collation=xyz
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'en_GB@collation=xyz'
Standard collation: 'LEN'
English (United Kingdom, collation=xyz)
```

For more about collation options, see Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML).

Collation arguments

collation can specify one or more of the following arguments :

Parameter	Short form	Description
`colstrength`	S	Sets the default strength for comparison. This feature is locale dependent. Set `colstrength` to one of the following: `1 \| primary`: Ignores case and accents. Only primary differences are used during comparison—for example, `a` versus `z`. `2 \| secondary`: Ignores case. Only secondary and above differences are considered for comparison—for example, different accented forms of the same base letter such as `a` versus `\u00E4`. `3 \| tertiary` (default): Only tertiary differences and higher are considered for comparison. Tertiary comparisons are typically used to evaluate case differences—for example, `Z` versus `z`. `4` `\| quarternary`: For example, used with Hiragana.
`colAlternate`	A	Sets alternate handling for variable weights, as described in UCA, one of the following: `non-ignorable \| N \| D` `shifted \| S`
`colBackwards`	F	For Latin with accents, this parameter determines which accents are sorted. It sets the comparison for the second level to be backwards. Note `colBackwards` is automatically set for French accents. Set `colBackwards` to one of the following: `on \| O`: The normal UCA algorithm is used. off \| X: All strings that are in Fast C or D normalization form (FCD) sort correctly, but others do not necessarily sort correctly. Set to off if the strings to be compared are in FCD.
`colNormalization`	N	Set to one of the following: `on \| O`: The normal UCA algorithm is used. `off \| X`: All strings that are in Fast C or D normalization form (FCD) sort correctly, but others won't necessarily sort correctly. It should only be set off if the strings to be compared are in FCD.
`colCaseLevel`	E	Set to one of the following: `on \| O`: A level consisting only of case characteristics is inserted in front of tertiary level. To ignore accents but take cases into account, set strength to primary and case level to on. `off \| X`: This level is omitted.
`colCaseFirst`	C	Set to one of the following: `upper \| U`: Upper case sorts before lower case. `lower \| L`: Lower case sorts before upper case. This is useful for locales that have already supported ordering but require different order of cases. It affects case and tertiary levels. `off \| short`: Tertiary weights unaffected
`colHiraganaQuarternary`	H	Controls special treatment of Hiragana code points on quaternary level, one of the following: `on \| O`: Hiragana codepoints get lower values than all the other non-variable code points. The strength must be greater or equal than quaternary for this attribute to take effect. `off \| X`: Hiragana letters are treated normally.
`colNumeric`	D	If set to on, any sequence of Decimal Digits (General_Category = Nd in the [UCD]) is sorted at a primary level with its numeric value. For example, `A-21` < `A-123`.
`variableTop`	B	Sets the default value for the variable top. All code points with primary weights less than or equal to the variable top will be considered variable, and are affected by the alternate handling. For example, the following command sets variableTop to be HYPHEN (`u2010`) `=> \locale en_US@colalternate=shifted;variabletop=u2010`

Locale processing notes

Incorrect locale strings are accepted if the prefix can be resolved to a known locale version.

For example, the following works because the language can be resolved:
```
=> \locale en_XX
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'en_XX'
Standard collation: 'LEN'
English (XX)
```
The following does not work because the language cannot be resolved:
```
=> \locale xx_XX
xx_XX: invalid locale identifier
```
POSIX-type locales such as en_US.UTF-8 work to some extent in that the encoding part "UTF-8" is ignored.
The database uses the icu4c-4_2_1 library to support basic locale/collation processing with some extensions. This does not currently meet current standards for locale processing (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646).

Examples

Specify German locale as used in Germany (de), with phonebook-style collation:

=> \locale de_DE@collation=phonebook
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'de_DE@collation=phonebook'
Standard collation: 'KPHONEBOOK_LDE'
German (Germany, collation=Phonebook Sort Order)
Deutsch (Deutschland, Sortierung=Telefonbuch-Sortierregeln)

Specify German locale as used in Germany (de), with phonebook-style collation and strength set to secondary:

=> \locale de_DE@collation=phonebook;colStrength=secondary
INFO 2567:  Canonical locale: 'de_DE@collation=phonebook'
Standard collation: 'KPHONEBOOK_LDE_S2'
German (Germany, collation=Phonebook Sort Order)
Deutsch (Deutschland, Sortierung=Telefonbuch-Sortierregeln)

Admin: Specifying locale: short form

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OpenText™ Analytics Database accepts locales in short form. You can use the short form to specify the locale and keyname pair/value names.

To determine the short form for a locale, type in the long form and view the last line of INFO, as follows:

\locale frINFO:  Locale: 'fr'
INFO:    French
INFO:    franÃ§ais
INFO:  Short form: 'LFR'

Examples

Specify en (English) locale:

\locale LENINFO:  Locale: 'en'
INFO:  English
INFO:  Short form: 'LEN'

Specify German locale as used in Germany (de), with phonebook-style collation:

\locale LDE_KPHONEBOOKINFO:  Locale: 'de@collation=phonebook'
INFO:  German (collation=Phonebook Sort Order)
INFO:  Deutsch (Sortierung=Telefonbuch-Sortierregeln)
INFO:  Short form: 'KPHONEBOOK_LDE'

Specify German locale as used in Germany (de), with phonebook-style collation:

\locale LDE_KPHONEBOOK_S2INFO:  Locale: 'de@collation=phonebook'
INFO:  German (collation=Phonebook Sort Order)
INFO:  Deutsch (Sortierung=Telefonbuch-Sortierregeln)
INFO:  Short form: 'KPHONEBOOK_LDE_S2'

Admin: Supported locales

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The following are the supported locale strings for OpenText™ Analytics Database. Each locale can optionally have a list of key/value pairs (see Specifying locale: long form).

Locale Name	Language or Variant	Region
af	Afrikaans
af_NA	Afrikaans	Namibian Afrikaans
af_ZA	Afrikaans	South Africa
am	Ethiopic
am_ET	Ethiopic	Ethiopia
ar	Arabic
ar_AE	Arabic	United Arab Emirates
ar_BH	Arabic	Bahrain
ar_DZ	Arabic	Algeria
ar_EG	Arabic	Egypt
ar_IQ	Arabic	Iraq
ar_JO	Arabic	Jordan
ar_KW	Arabic	Kuwait
ar_LB	Arabic	Lebanon
ar_LY	Arabic	Libya
ar_MA	Arabic	Morocco
ar_OM	Arabic	Oman
ar_QA	Arabic	Qatar
ar_SA	Arabic	Saudi Arabia
ar_SD	Arabic	Sudan
ar_SY	Arabic	Syria
ar_TN	Arabic	Tunisia
ar_YE	Arabic	Yemen
as	Assamese
as_IN	Assamese	India
az	Azerbaijani
az_Cyrl	Azerbaijani	Cyrillic
az_Cyrl_AZ	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijan Cyrillic
az_Latn	Azerbaijani	Latin
az_Latn_AZ	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijan Latin
be	Belarusian
be_BY	Belarusian	Belarus
bg	Bulgarian
bg_BG	Bulgarian	Bulgaria
bn	Bengali
bn_BD	Bengali	Bangladesh
bn_IN	Bengali	India
bo	Tibetan
bo_CN	Tibetan	PR China
bo_IN	Tibetan	India
ca	Catalan
ca_ES	Catalan	Spain
cs	Czech
cs_CZ	Czech	Czech Republic
cy	Welsh
cy_GB	Welsh	United Kingdom
da	Danish
da_DK	Danish	Denmark
de	German
de_AT	German	Austria
de_BE	German	Belgium
de_CH	German	Switzerland
de_DE	German	Germany
de_LI	German	Liechtenstein
de_LU	German	Luxembourg
el	Greek
el_CY	Greek	Cyprus
el_GR	Greek	Greece
en	English
en_AU	English	Australia
en_BE	English	Belgium
en_BW	English	Botswana
en_BZ	English	Belize
en_CA	English	Canada
en_GB	English	United Kingdom
en_HK	English	Hong Kong S.A.R. of China
en_IE	English	Ireland
en_IN	English	India
en_JM	English	Jamaica
en_MH	English	Marshall Islands
en_MT	English	Malta
en_NA	English	Namibia
en_NZ	English	New Zealand
en_PH	English	Philippines
en_PK	English	Pakistan
en_SG	English	Singapore
en_TT	English	Trinidad and Tobago
en_US	English	United States
en_US_POSIX	English	United States Posix
en_VI	English	U.S. Virgin Islands
en_ZA	English	Zimbabwe or South Africa
en_ZW	English	Zimbabwe
eo	Esperanto
es	Spanish
es_AR	Spanish	Argentina
es_BO	Spanish	Bolivia
es_CL	Spanish	Chile
es_CO	Spanish	Columbia
es_CR	Spanish	Costa Rica
es_DO	Spanish	Dominican Republic
es_EC	Spanish	Ecuador
es_ES	Spanish	Spain
es_GT	Spanish	Guatemala
es_HN	Spanish	Honduras
es_MX	Spanish	Mexico
es_NI	Spanish	Nicaragua
es_PA	Spanish	Panama
es_PE	Spanish	Peru
es_PR	Spanish	Puerto Rico
es_PY	Spanish	Paraguay
es_SV	Spanish	El Salvador
es_US	Spanish	United States
es_UY	Spanish	Uruguay
es_VE	Spanish	Venezuela
et	Estonian
et_EE	Estonian	Estonia
eu	Basque	Spain
eu_ES	Basque	Spain
fa	Persian
fa_AF	Persian	Afghanistan
fa_IR	Persian	Iran
fi	Finnish
fi_FI	Finnish	Finland
fo	Faroese
fo_FO	Faroese	Faroe Islands
fr	French
fr_BE	French	Belgium
fr_CA	French	Canada
fr_CH	French	Switzerland
fr_FR	French	France
fr_LU	French	Luxembourg
fr_MC	French	Monaco
fr_SN	French	Senegal
ga	Gaelic
ga_IE	Gaelic	Ireland
gl	Gallegan
gl_ES	Gallegan	Spain
gsw	German
gsw_CH	German	Switzerland
gu	Gujurati
gu_IN	Gujurati	India
gv	Manx
gv_GB	Manx	United Kingdom
ha	Hausa
ha_Latn	Hausa	Latin
ha_Latn_GH	Hausa	Ghana (Latin)
ha_Latn_NE	Hausa	Niger (Latin)
ha_Latn_NG	Hausa	Nigeria (Latin)
haw	Hawaiian	Hawaiian
haw_US	Hawaiian	United States
he	Hebrew
he_IL	Hebrew	Israel
hi	Hindi
hi_IN	Hindi	India
hr	Croation
hr_HR	Croation	Croatia
hu	Hungarian
hu_HU	Hungarian	Hungary
hy	Armenian
hy_AM	Armenian	Armenia
hy_AM_REVISED	Armenian	Revised Armenia
id	Indonesian
id_ID	Indonesian	Indonesia
ii	Sichuan
ii_CN	Sichuan	Yi
is	Icelandic
is_IS	Icelandic	Iceland
it	Italian
it_CH	Italian	Switzerland
it_IT	Italian	Italy
ja	Japanese
ja_JP	Japanese	Japan
ka	Georgian
ka_GE	Georgian	Georgia
kk	Kazakh
kk_Cyrl	Kazakh	Cyrillic
kk_Cyrl_KZ	Kazakh	Kazakhstan (Cyrillic)
kl	Kalaallisut
kl_GL	Kalaallisut	Greenland
km	Khmer
km_KH	Khmer	Cambodia
kn	Kannada
kn-IN	Kannada	India
ko	Korean
ko_KR	Korean	Korea
kok	Konkani
kok_IN	Konkani	India
kw	Cornish
kw_GB	Cornish	United Kingdom
lt	Lithuanian
lt_LT	Lithuanian	Lithuania
lv	Latvian
lv_LV	Latvian	Latvia
mk	Macedonian
mk_MK	Macedonian	Macedonia
ml	Malayalam
ml_IN	Malayalam	India
mr	Marathi
mr_IN	Marathi	India
ms	Malay
ms_BN	Malay	Brunei
ms_MY	Malay	Malaysia
mt	Maltese
mt_MT	Maltese	Malta
nb	Norwegian Bokml
nb_NO	Norwegian Bokml	Norway
ne	Nepali
ne_IN	Nepali	India
ne_NP	Nepali	Nepal
nl	Dutch
nl_BE	Dutch	Belgium
nl_NL	Dutch	Netherlands
nn	Norwegian nynorsk
nn_NO	Norwegian nynorsk	Norway
om	Oromo
om_ET	Oromo	Ethiopia
om_KE	Oromo	Kenya
or	Oriya
or_IN	Oriya	India
pa	Punjabi
pa_Arab	Punjabi	Arabic
pa_Arab_PK	Punjabi	Pakistan (Arabic)
pa_Guru	Punjabi	Gurmukhi
pa_Guru_IN	Punjabi	India (Gurmukhi)
pl	Polish
pl_PL	Polish	Poland
ps	Pashto
ps_AF	Pashto	Afghanistan
pt	Portuguese
pt_BR	Portuguese	Brazil
pt_PT	Portuguese	Portugal
ro	Romanian
ro_MD	Romanian	Moldavia
ro_RO	Romanian	Romania
ru	Russian
ru_RU	Russian	Russia
ru_UA	Russian	Ukraine
si	Sinhala
si_LK	Sinhala	Sri Lanka
sk	Slovak
sk_SK	Slovak	Slovakia
sl	Slovenian
sl_SL	Slovenian	Slovenia
so	Somali
so_DJ	Somali	Djibouti
so_ET	Somali	Ethiopia
so_KE	Somali	Kenya
so_SO	Somali	Somalia
sq	Albanian
sq_AL	Albanian	Albania
sr	Serbian
sr_Cyrl	Serbian	Cyrillic
sr_Cyrl_BA	Serbian	Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cyrillic)
sr_Cyrl_ME	Serbian	Montenegro (Cyrillic)
sr_Cyrl_RS	Serbian	Serbia (Cyrillic)
sr_Latn	Serbian	Latin
sr_Latn_BA	Serbian	Bosnia and Herzegovina (Latin)
sr_Latn_ME	Serbian	Montenegro (Latin)
sr_Latn_RS	Serbian	Serbia (Latin)
sv	Swedish
sv_FI	Swedish	Finland
sv_SE	Swedish	Sweden
sw	Swahili
sw_KE	Swahili	Kenya
sw_TZ	Swahili	Tanzania
ta	Tamil
ta_IN	Tamil	India
te	Telugu
te_IN	Telugu	India
th	Thai
th_TH	Thai	Thailand
ti	Tigrinya
ti_ER	Tigrinya	Eritrea
ti_ET	Tigrinya	Ethiopia
tr	Turkish
tr_TR	Turkish	Turkey
uk	Ukrainian
uk_UA	Ukrainian	Ukraine
ur	Urdu
ur_IN	Urdu	India
ur_PK	Urdu	Pakistan
uz	Uzbek
uz_Arab	Uzbek	Arabic
uz_Arab_AF	Uzbek	Afghanistan (Arabic)
uz_Cryl	Uzbek	Cyrillic
uz_Cryl_UZ	Uzbek	Uzbekistan (Cyrillic)
uz_Latin	Uzbek	Latin
us_Latin_UZ		Uzbekistan (Latin)
vi	Vietnamese
vi_VN	Vietnamese	Vietnam
zh	Chinese
zh_Hans	Chinese	Simplified Han
zh_Hans_CN	Chinese	China (Simplified Han)
zh_Hans_HK	Chinese	Hong Kong SAR China (Simplified Han)
zh_Hans_MO	Chinese	Macao SAR China (Simplified Han)
zh_Hans_SG	Chinese	Singapore (Simplified Han)
zh_Hant	Chinese	Traditional Han
zh_Hant_HK	Chinese	Hong Kong SAR China (Traditional Han)
zh_Hant_MO	Chinese	Macao SAR China (Traditional Han)
zh_Hant_TW	Chinese	Taiwan (Traditional Han)
zu	Zulu
zu_ZA	Zulu	South Africa

Admin: Locale and UTF-8 support

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OpenText™ Analytics Database supports Unicode Transformation Format-8, or UTF8, where 8 equals 8-bit. UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode created by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. UTF-8 can represent any universal character in the Unicode standard. Initial encoding of byte codes and character assignments for UTF-8 coincides with ASCII. Thus, UTF8 requires little or no change for software that handles ASCII but preserves other values.

The database servers expect to receive all data in UTF-8, and the database outputs all data in UTF-8. The ODBC API operates on data in UCS-2 on Windows systems, and normally UTF-8 on Linux systems. JDBC and ADO.NET APIs operate on data in UTF-16. Client drivers automatically convert data to and from UTF-8 when sending to and receiving data from the database using API calls. The drivers do not transform data loaded by executing a COPY or COPY LOCAL statement.

UTF-8 string functions

The following string functions treat VARCHAR arguments as UTF-8 strings (when USING OCTETS is not specified) regardless of locale setting.

String function	Description
`LOWER`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value containing the argument converted to lowercase letters.
`UPPER`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value containing the argument converted to uppercase letters.
`INITCAP`	Capitalizes first letter of each alphanumeric word and puts the rest in lowercase.
`INSTR`	Searches string for substring and returns an integer indicating the position of the character in string that is the first character of this occurrence.
`SPLIT_PART`	Splits string on the delimiter and returns the location of the beginning of the given field (counting from one).
`POSITION`	Returns an integer value representing the character location of a specified substring with a string (counting from one).
`STRPOS`	Returns an integer value representing the character location of a specified substring within a string (counting from one).

Admin: Locale-aware string functions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OpenText™ Analytics Database provides string functions to support internationalization. Unless otherwise specified, these string functions can optionally specify whether VARCHAR arguments should be interpreted as octet (byte) sequences, or as (locale-aware) sequences of characters. Specify this information by adding the parameter USING OCTETS and USING CHARACTERS (default) to the function.

The following table lists all string functions that are locale-aware:

String function	Description
`BTRIM`	Removes the longest string consisting only of specified characters from the start and end of a string.
`CHARACTER_LENGTH`	Returns an integer value representing the number of characters or octets in a string.
`GREATEST`	Returns the largest value in a list of expressions.
`GREATESTB`	Returns its greatest argument, using binary ordering, not UTF-8 character ordering.
`INITCAP`	Capitalizes first letter of each alphanumeric word and puts the rest in lowercase.
`INSTR`	Searches string for substring and returns an integer indicating the position of the character in string that is the first character of this occurrence.
`LEAST`	Returns the smallest value in a list of expressions.
`LEASTB`	Returns its least argument, using binary ordering, not UTF-8 character ordering.
`LEFT`	Returns the specified characters from the left side of a string.
`LENGTH`	Takes one argument as an input and returns returns an integer value representing the number of characters in a string.
`LTRIM`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value representing a string with leading blanks removed from the left side (beginning).
`OVERLAY`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value representing a string having had a substring replaced by another string.
`OVERLAYB`	Returns an octet value representing a string having had a substring replaced by another string.
`REPLACE`	replaces all occurrences of characters in a string with another set of characters.
`RIGHT`	Returns the length right-most characters of string.
`SUBSTR`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value representing a substring of a specified string.
`SUBSTRB`	Returns a byte value representing a substring of a specified string.
`SUBSTRING`	Given a value, a position, and an optional length, returns a value representing a substring of the specified string at the given position.
`TRANSLATE`	Replaces individual characters in string_to_replace with other characters.
`UPPER`	Returns a `VARCHAR` value containing the argument converted to uppercase letters.