Before you install Vertica

• 1: Platform requirements and recommendations
• 1.1: General hardware and OS requirements and recommendations
• 1.2: BASH shell requirements
• 2: Configuring the network
• 2.1: Ensure ports are available
• 3: Operating system configuration task overview
• 3.1: Operating system prerequisites
• 3.1.1: Supported platforms
• 3.1.2: Recommended storage format types
• 3.1.3: Swap space requirements
• 3.1.4: Disk block size requirements
• 3.1.5: Memory requirements
• 3.2: Firewall considerations
• 3.3: Port availability
• 3.4: General operating system configuration - automatically configured by the installer
• 3.4.1: Sysctl
• 3.4.2: Nice limits configuration
• 3.4.3: min_free_kbytes setting
• 3.4.4: User max open files limit
• 3.4.5: System max open files limit
• 3.4.6: Pam limits
• 3.4.7: pid_max setting
• 3.4.8: User address space limits
• 3.4.9: User file size limit
• 3.4.10: User process limit
• 3.4.11: Maximum memory maps configuration
• 3.5: General operating system configuration - manual configuration
• 3.5.1: Persisting operating system settings
• 3.5.2: SUSE control groups configuration
• 3.5.3: Cron required for scheduled jobs
• 3.5.4: Disk readahead
• 3.5.5: I/O scheduling
• 3.5.6: Enabling or disabling transparent hugepages
• 3.5.7: Check for swappiness
• 3.5.8: Enabling network time protocol (NTP)
• 3.5.9: Enabling chrony or ntpd for red hat 7/CentOS 7 systems
• 3.5.10: SELinux configuration
• 3.5.11: CPU frequency scaling
• 3.5.12: Enabling or disabling defrag
• 3.5.13: Support tools
• 3.6: System user configuration
• 3.6.1: System user requirements
• 3.6.2: TZ environment variable
• 3.6.3: LANG environment variable settings
• 3.6.4: Package dependencies
• 4: Specifying disk storage location during installation

1 - Platform requirements and recommendations

You must verify that your servers meet the platform requirements described in Supported Platforms. The Supported Platforms topics detail supported versions for the following:

• OS for Server and Management Console (MC)

• Supported Browsers for MC

• Supported File Systems

Install the latest vendor-specific system software

Install the latest vendor drivers for your hardware.

Data storage recommendations

• All internal drives connect to a single RAID controller.

• The RAID array should form one hardware RAID device as a contiguous /data volume.

Install Perl

Before you perform the cluster installation, install Perl 5 on all the target hosts. Perl is available for download from www.perl.org.

Validation utilities

Vertica provides several validation utilities that validate the performance on prospective hosts. The utilities are installed when you install the Vertica RPM, but you can use them before you run the install_vertica script. See Validation scripts for more details on running the utilities and verifying that your hosts meet the recommended requirements.

1.1 - General hardware and OS requirements and recommendations

Hardware recommendations

The Vertica Analytics Platform is based on a massively parallel processing (MPP), shared-nothing architecture, in which the query processing workload is divided among all nodes of the Vertica database. OpenText highly recommends using a homogeneous hardware configuration for your Vertica cluster; that is, each node of the cluster should be similar in CPU, clock speed, number of cores, memory, and operating system version.

Note that OpenText has not tested Vertica on clusters made up of nodes with disparate hardware specifications. While it is expected that a Vertica database would functionally work in a mixed hardware configuration, performance will be limited to that of the slowest node in the cluster.

Vertica performs best on processors with higher clock frequency. When possible, choose a faster processor with fewer cores as opposed to a slower processor with more cores.

Tests performed both internally and by customers have shown performance differences between processor architectures even when accounting for differences in core count and clock frequency. When possible, compare platforms by installing Vertica and running experiments using your data and workloads. Consider testing on cloud platforms that offer VMs running on different processor architectures, even if you intend to deploy your Vertica database on premises.

Detailed hardware recommendations are available in Recommendations for Sizing Vertica Nodes and Clusters (formerly the Vertica Hardware Planning Guide).

Platform OS requirements

You must verify that your servers meet the platform requirements described in Vertica server and Management Console.

Verify sudo

Vertica uses the sudo command during installation and some administrative tasks. Ensure that sudo is available on all hosts with the following command:

# which sudo
/usr/bin/sudo

If sudo is not installed, on all hosts, follow the instructions in How to Enable sudo on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

When you use sudo to install Vertica, the user that performs the installation must have privileges on all nodes in the cluster.

Configuring sudo with privileges for the individual commands can be a tedious and error-prone process; thus, the Vertica documentation does not include every possible sudo command that you can include in the sudoers file. Instead, Vertica recommends that you temporarily elevate the sudo user to have all privileges for the duration of the install.

To allow root sudo access on all commands as any user on any machine, use visudo as root to edit the /etc/sudoers file and add this line:

## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
root   ALL=(ALL) ALL

After the installation completes, remove (or reset) sudo privileges to the pre-installation settings.

1.2 - BASH shell requirements

All shell scripts included in Vertica must run under the BASH shell. If you are on a Debian system, then the default shell can be DASH. DASH is not supported. Change the shell for root and for the dbadmin user to BASH with the chsh command.

For example:

# getent passwd | grep root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/dash

# chsh
Changing shell for root.
New shell [/bin/dash]: /bin/bash
Shell changed.

Then, as root, change the symbolic link for /bin/sh from /bin/dash to /bin/bash:

# rm /bin/sh
# ln -s /bin/bash /bin/sh

Log out and back in for the change to take effect.

2 - Configuring the network

This group of steps involve configuring the network. These steps differ depending on your installation scenario. A single node installation requires little network configuration, because the single instance of the Vertica server does not need to communication with other nodes in a cluster. For cluster and cloud install scenarios, you must make several decisions regarding your configuration.

Vertica supports server configuration with multiple network interfaces. For example, you might want to use one as a private network interface for internal communication among cluster hosts (the ones supplied via the --hosts option to install_vertica) and a separate one for client connections.

Important notes

• Network configuration is exactly the same for single nodes as for multi-node clusters, with one special exception. If you install Vertica on a single host machine that is to remain a permanent single-node configuration (such as for development or Proof of Concept), you can install Vertica using localhost or the loopback IP (typically 127.0.0.1) as the value for --hosts. Do not use the hostname localhost in a node definition if you are likely to add nodes to the configuration later.

• If you are using a host with multiple network interfaces, configure Vertica to use the address which is assigned to the NIC that is connected to the other cluster hosts.

• Use a dedicated gigabit switch. If you do not performance could be severely affected.

• Do not use DHCP dynamically-assigned IP addresses for the private network. Use only static addresses or permanently-leased DHCP addresses.

Choose IPv4 or IPv6 addresses for host identification and communications

Vertica supports using either IPv4 or IPv6 IP addresses for identifying the hosts in a database cluster. Vertica uses a single address to identify a host in the database cluster. All the IP addresses used to identify hosts in the cluster must use the same IP family.

The hosts in your database cluster can have both IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses assigned to them. Only one of these addresses is used to identify the node within the cluster. You can use the other addresses to handle client connections or connections to other systems.

You tell Vertica which address family to use when you install it. By default, Vertica uses IPv4 addresses for hosts. If you want the nodes in your database to use IPv6 addresses, add the --ipv6 option to the arguments you pass to the install_vertica script.

In most cases, the address family you select does not impact how your database functions. However, there are a few exceptions:

• Use IPv4 addresses to identify the nodes in your cluster if you want to use the Management Console to manage your database. Currently, the MC does not support databases that use IPv6 addresses.

• If you select IPv6 addressing for your cluster, it automatically uses point-to-point networking mode.

• Currently, AWS is the only cloud platform on which Vertica supports IPv6 addressing. To use IPv6 on AWS, you must identify cluster hosts using IP addresses instead of host names. The AWS DNS does not support resolving host names to IPv6.

• If you only assign IPv6 addresses to the hosts in your database cluster, you may have problems interfacing to other systems that do not support IPv6.

Part of the information you pass to the install script is the list of hosts it will use to form the Vertica cluster. If you use host names in this list instead of IP addresses, ensure that the host names resolve to the IP address family you want to use for your cluster. For example, if you want your cluster to use IPv6 addresses, ensure your DNS or /etc/hosts file resolves the host names to IPv6 addresses.

You can configure DNS to return both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for a host name. In this case, the installer uses the IPv4 address unless you supply the --ipv6 argument. If you use /etc/hosts for host name resolution (which is the best practice), host names cannot resolve to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Optionally run spread on a separate control network

If your query workloads are network intensive, you can use the --control-network parameter with the install_vertica script (see Installing Vertica with the installation script) to allow spread communications to be configured on a subnet that is different from other Vertica data communications.

The --control-network parameter accepts either the default value or a broadcast network IP address (for example, 192.168.10.255 ).

Configure SSH

• Verify that root can use Secure Shell (SSH) to log in (ssh) to all hosts that are included in the cluster. SSH (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for running commands on a remote machine.

• If you do not already have SSH installed on all hosts, log in as root on each host and install it before installing Vertica. You can download a free version of the SSH connectivity tools from OpenSSH.

• Make sure that /dev/pts is mounted. Installing Vertica on a host that is missing the mount point /dev/pts could result in the following error when you create a database:

TIMEOUT ERROR: Could not login with SSH. Here is what SSH said:Last login: Sat Dec 15 18:05:35 2007 from v_vmart_node0001

Allow passwordless SSH access for the dbadmin user

The dbadmin user must be authorized for passwordless ssh. In typical installs, you won't need to change anything; however, if you set up your system to disallow passwordless login, you'll need to enable it for the dbadmin user. See Enable secure shell (SSH) logins.

2.1 - Ensure ports are available

Verify that ports required by Vertica are not in use by running the following command as the root user and comparing it with the ports required, as shown below:

netstat -atupn

If you are using a Red Hat 7/CentOS 7 system, use the following command instead:

ss -atupn

Firewall requirements

Vertica requires several ports to be open on the local network. Vertica does not recommend placing a firewall between nodes (all nodes should be behind a firewall), but if you must use a firewall between nodes, ensure the following ports are available:

3 - Operating system configuration task overview

This topic provides a high-level overview of the OS settings required for Vertica. Each item provides a link to additional details about the setting and detailed steps on making the configuration change. The installer tests for all of these settings and provides hints, warnings, and failures if the current configuration does not meet Vertica requirements.

Before you install the operating system

Firewall considerations

General operating system configuration - automatically configured by installer

These general OS settings are automatically made by the installer if they do not meet Vertica requirements. You can prevent the installer from automatically making these configuration changes by using the --no-system-configuration parameter for the install_vertica script.

General operating system configuration - manual configuration

The following general OS settings must be done manually.

System user requirements

The following tasks pertain to the configuration of the system user required by Vertica.

3.1 - Operating system prerequisites

The topics in this section detail system settings that must be configured when you install the operating system. These settings cannot be easily changed after the operating system is installed.

3.1.1 - Supported platforms

The Vertica installer checks the type of operating system that is installed. If the operating system does not meet one of the supported operating systems (See Vertica server and Management Console), or the operating system cannot be determined, then the installer halts.

The installer generates one of the following issue identifiers if it detects an unsupported operating system:

• [S0320] - Fedora OS is not supported.

• [S0321] - The version of Red Hat/CentOS is not supported.

• [S0322] - The version of Ubuntu/Debian is not supported.

• [S0323] - The operating system could not be determined. The unknown operating system is not supported because it does not match the list of supported operating systems.

• [S0324] - The version of Red Hat is not supported.

3.1.2 - Recommended storage format types

Choose the storage format type based on deployment requirements. Vertica recommends the following storage format types where applicable:

• ext3

• ext4

• NFS for backup

• XFS

• Amazon S3 Standard for communal storage and related backup tasks when running in Eon Mode

The storage format type at your backup and temporary directory locations must support fcntl lockf (POSIX) file locking.

3.1.3 - Swap space requirements

Vertica requires at least 2 GB swap partition regardless of the amount of RAM installed on your system. The installer reports this issue with identifier S0180.

For typical installations Vertica recommends that you partition your system with a 2GB primary partition for swap regardless of the amount of installed RAM. Larger swap space is acceptable, but unnecessary.

If you do not have at least a 2 GB swap partition then you may experience performance issues when running Vertica.

You typically define the swap partition when you install Linux. See your platform’s documentation for details on configuring the swap partition.

3.1.4 - Disk block size requirements

Vertica recommends that your disk block size be 4096 bytes, the default on ext4 and XFS file systems.

You set the disk block size when you format your file system. If you change the block size, you will need to reformat the disk.

For more information, see Recommended storage format types.

3.1.5 - Memory requirements

Individual host requirements

Vertica requires that your hosts have a minimum of 1GB of RAM per logical processor. If your hosts do not meet this requirement, the installer reports this issue with the identifier S0190.

For performance reasons, you typically require more RAM than the minimum. For more information on sizing your hardware, see the Vertica Knowledge Base Hardware documents.

RAM should be identical on all hosts

In addition to the individual host RAM requirement, the installer also reports a hint if the hosts in your cluster do not have identical amounts of RAM. Ensuring your host have the same amount of RAM helps prevent performance issues if one or more nodes has less RAM than the other nodes in your database.

3.2 - Firewall considerations

Vertica requires multiple ports be open between nodes. You may use a firewall (IP Tables) on Redhat/CentOS and Ubuntu/Debian based systems. Note that firewall use is not supported on SuSE systems and that SuSE systems must disable the firewall. The installer reports issues found with your IP tables configuration with the identifiers N0010 for (systems that use IP Tables) and N011 (for SuSE systems).

The installer checks the IP tables configuration and issues a warning if there are any configured rules or chains. The installer does not detect if the configuration may conflict with Vertica. It is your responsibility to verify that your firewall allows traffic for Vertica as described in Ensure ports are available.

You can modify your firewall to allow for Vertica network traffic, or you can disable the firewall if your network is secure. Note that firewalls are not supported for Vertica systems running on SuSE.

Red hat 6 and CentOS 6 systems

For details on how to configure iptables and allow specific ports to be open, see the platform-specific documentation for your platform:

• RedHat: https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Security_Guide/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html
• CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Network/IPTables

To disable iptables, run the following command as root or sudo:

# service iptables save
# service iptables stop
# chkconfig iptables off

To disable iptables if you are using the ipv6 versions of iptables, run the following command as root or sudo:

# service ip6tables save
# service ip6tables stop
# chkconfig ip6tables off

Red hat 7 and CentOS 7 systems:

To disable the system firewall, run the following command as root or sudo:

# systemctl mask firewalld
# systemctl disable firewalld
# systemctl stop firewalld

Ubuntu and debian systems

For details on how to configure iptables and allow specific ports to be open, see the platform-specific documentation for your platform:

• Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/iptables

• Ubuntu: https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/firewall.html.

To disable iptables on Debian, run the following command as root or sudo:

/etc/init.d/iptables stop

update-rc.d -f iptables remove

To disable iptables on Ubuntu, run the following command:

sudo ufw disable

SuSE systems

The firewall must be disabled on SUSE systems. To disable the firewall on SuSE systems, run the following command:

/sbin/SuSEfirewall2 off

3.3 - Port availability

The install_vertica script checks that required ports are open and available to Vertica. The installer reports any issues with identifier N0020.

The following table lists the ports required by Vertica.

3.4 - General operating system configuration - automatically configured by the installer

These general Operating System settings are automatically made by the installer if they do not meet Vertica requirements. You can prevent the installer from automatically making these configuration changes by using the --no-system-configuration parameter for the install_vertica script.

3.4.1 - Sysctl

During installation, Vertica attempts to automatically change various OS level settings. The installer may not change values on your system if they exceed the threshold required by the installer. You can prevent the installer from automatically making these configuration changes by using the --no-system-configuration parameter for the install_vertica script.

To permanently edit certain settings and prevent them from reverting on reboot, use sysctl.

The sysctl settings relevant to the installation of Vertica include:

• min_free_kbytes

• fs.file_max

• vm.max_map_count

Permanently changing settings with sysctl:

1. As the root user, open the /etc/sysctl.conf file:

   # vi /etc/sysctl.conf
   

2. Enter a parameter and value:

   parameter = value
   

   For example, to set the parameter and value for fs.file-max to meet Vertica requirements, enter:

   fs.file-max = 65536
   

3. Save your changes, and close the /etc/sysctl.conf file.

4. As the root user, reload the config file:

   # sysctl -p
   

Identifying settings added by the installer

You can see whether the installer has added a setting by opening the /etc/sysctl.conf file:

# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

If the installer has added a setting, the following line appears:

# The following 1 line added by Vertica tools. 2015-02-23 13:20:29
parameter = value

3.4.2 - Nice limits configuration

The Vertica system user (dbadmin by default) must be able to raise and lower the priority of Vertica processes. To do this, the nice option in the /etc/security/limits.conf file must include an entry for the dbadmin user. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0010.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

All systems

To set the Nice Limit configuration for the dbadmin user, edit /etc/security/limits.conf and add the following line. Replace dbadmin with the name of your system user.

dbadmin -       nice    0

3.4.3 - min_free_kbytes setting

This topic details how to update the min_free_kbytes setting so that it is within the range supported by Vertica. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0050 if the setting is too low, or S0051 if the setting is too high.

The vm.min_free_kbytes setting configures the page reclaim thresholds. When this number is increased the system starts reclaiming memory earlier, when its lowered it starts reclaiming memory later. The default min_free_kbytes is calculated at boot time based on the number of pages of physical RAM available on the system.

The setting must be whichever value is the greatest from the following options:

• The default value configured by the system

• 4096

• The result of running the commands:

  $ memtot=`grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | awk '{printf "%.0f",$2}'`
  $ echo "scale=0;sqrt ($memtot*16)" | bc
  

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

All systems

To manually set min_free_kbytes:

1. Determine the current/default setting with the following command:

   $ sysctl vm.min_free_kbytes
   

2. If the result of the previous command is No such file or directory or the default value is less than 4096, then run these commands to determine the correct value:

   $ memtot=`grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | awk '{printf "%.0f",$2}'`
   $ echo "scale=0;sqrt ($memtot*16)" | bc
   

3. Edit or add the current value of vm.min_free_kbytes in /etc/sysctl.conf with the value from the output of the previous command.

   # The min_free_kbytes setting
   vm.min_free_kbytes=16132
   

4. Run sysctl -p to apply the changes in sysctl.conf immediately.

   Note

   These steps must be repeated for each node in the cluster.

3.4.4 - User max open files limit

This topic details how to change the user max open-files limit setting to meet Vertica requirements. The installer reports this issue with the identifier S0060.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

Vertica requires that the dbadmin user not be limited when opening files. The open file limit per user is calculated as follows:

user max open files = greater of { ≥ 65536 | ≤ RAM-MBs }

As a dbadmin user, you can determine the open file limit by running ulimit -n. For example:

$ ulimit -n
65536

To manually set the limit, edit /etc/security/limits.conf and edit/add the nofile setting for the user who is configured as the database administrator—by default, dbadmin. For example:

dbadmin -       nofile  65536

The setting must be no less than 65536 MB, but not greater than the system value of fs.nr_open. For example, the default value of fs.nr_open value on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 is 1048576 MB.

3.4.5 - System max open files limit

This topic details how to modify the limit for the number of open files on your system so that it meets Vertica requirements. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0120.

Vertica opens many files. Some platforms have global limits on the number of open files. The open file limit must be set sufficiently high so as not to interfere with database operations.

The recommended value is at least the amount of memory in MB, but not less than 65536.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

All systems

To manually set the open file limit:

1. Run /sbin/sysctl fs.file-max to determine the current limit.

2. If the limit is not 65536 or the amount of system memory in MB (whichever is higher), then edit or add fs.file-max=max number of files to /etc/sysctl.conf.

   # Controls the maximum number of open files
   fs.file-max=65536
   

3. Run sysctl -p to apply the changes in sysctl.conf immediately.

3.4.6 - Pam limits

This topic details how to enable the "su" pam_limits.so module required by Vertica. The installer reports issues with the setting with the identifier: S0070.

On some systems the pam module called pam_limits.so is not set in the file /etc/pam.d/su. When it is not set, it prevents the conveying of limits (such as open file descriptors) to any command started with su -.

In particular, the Vertica init script would fail to start Vertica because it calls the Administration Tools to start a database with the su - command. This problem was first noticed on Debian systems, but the configuration could be missing on other Linux distributions. See the pam_limits man page for more details.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

All systems

To manually configure this setting, append the following line to the /etc/pam.d/su file:

session required pam_limits.so

See the pam_limits man page for more details: man pam_limits.

3.4.7 - pid_max setting

This topic explains how to change pid_max to a supported value. The value of pid_max should be

pid_max = num-user-proc + 2**15 = num-user-proc + 32768

where num-user-proc is the size of memory in megabytes.

The minimum value for pid_max is 524288.

If your pid_max value is too low, the installer reports this problem and indicates the minimum value.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

All systems

To change the pid_max value:

# sysctl -w kernel.pid_max=524288

3.4.8 - User address space limits

This topic details how to modify the Linux address space limit for the dbadmin user so that it meets Vertica requirements. The address space setting controls the maximum number of threads and processes for each user. If this setting does not meet the requirements then the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0090.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

The address space available to the dbadmin user must not be reduced via user limits and must be set to unlimited.

All systems

To manually set the address space limit:

1. Run ulimit -v as the dbadmin user to determine the current limit.

2. If the limit is not unlimited, then add the following line to /etc/security/limits.conf. Replace dbadmin with your database admin user

dbadmin -       as      unlimited

3.4.9 - User file size limit

This topic details how to modify the file size limit for files on your system so that it meets Vertica requirements. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0100.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

The file size limit for the dbadmin user must not be reduced via user limits and must be set to unlimited.

All systems

To manually set the file size limit:

1. Run ulimit -f as the dbadmin user to determine the current limit.

2. If the limit is not unlimited, then edit/add the following line to /etc/security/limits.conf. Replace dbadmin with your database admin user.

dbadmin -       fsize      unlimited

3.4.10 - User process limit

This topic details how to change the user process limit so that it meets Vertica requirements.The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0110.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

The user process limit must be high enough to allow for the many threads opened by Vertica. The recommended limit is the amount of RAM in MB and must be at least 1024.

All systems

To manually set the user process limit:

1. Run ulimit -u as the dbadmin user to determine the current limit.

2. If the limit is not the amount of memory in MB on the server, then edit/add the following line to /etc/security/limits.conf. Replace 4096 with the amount of system memory, in MB, on the server.

dbadmin -       nproc     4096

3.4.11 - Maximum memory maps configuration

This topic details how to modify the limit for the number memory maps a process can have on your system so that it meets Vertica requirements. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0130.

The installer automatically configures the correct setting if the default value does not meet system requirements. If an issue occurs when setting this value, or you use the --no-system-configuration argument to the installer and the current setting is incorrect, then the installer reports this as an issue.

Vertica uses a lot of memory while processing and can approach the default limit for memory maps per process.

The recommended value is at least the amount of memory on the system in KB / 16, but not less than 65536.

All systems

To manually set the memory map limit:

1. Run /sbin/sysctl vm.max_map_count to determine the current limit.

2. If the limit is not 65536 or the amount of system memory in KB / 16 (whichever is higher), then edit/add the following line to /etc/sysctl.conf. Replace 65536 with the value for your system.

   
   # The following 1 line added by Vertica tools. 2014-03-07 13:20:31
   
   
   vm.max_map_count=65536
   

3. Run sysctl -p to apply the changes in sysctl.conf immediately.

3.5 - General operating system configuration - manual configuration

The following general Operating System settings must be done manually.

3.5.1 - Persisting operating system settings

Vertica requires that you manually configure several general operating system settings. You should configure some of these settings in the /etc/rc.local script, to prevent them from reverting on reboot. This script contains scripts and commands that run each time the system is booted.

Vertica uses settings in /etc/rc.local to set the following functionality:

• Disk readahead
• I/O scheduling
• Enabling or disabling transparent hugepages

Editing /etc/rc.local

1. As the root user, open /etc/rc.local:

   # vi /etc/rc.local
   

2. Enter a script or command. For example, to configure transparent hugepages to meet Vertica requirements, enter the following:

   echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
   

   Important

   On some Ubuntu/Debian systems, the last line in /etc/rc.local must be exit 0. All additions to /etc/rc.local must precede this line.

3. Save your changes, and close /etc/rc.local.

4. If you use Red Hat 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 or higher, run the following command as root or sudo:

   $ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
   

On reboot, the command runs during startup. You can also run the command manually as the root user, if you want it to take effect immediately.

Disabling tuning system service

If you use Red Hat 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 or higher, make sure the tuning system service does not start on when Vertica reboots. Turning off tuning prevents monitoring of your OS and any tuning of your OS based on this monitoring. Tuning also enables THP silently, which can cause issues in other areas such as read ahead.

Run the following command as sudo or root:

$ chkconfig tuned off

3.5.2 - SUSE control groups configuration

On SuSE 12, the installer checks the control group (cgroup) setting for the cgroups that Vertica may run under:

• verticad

• vertica_agent

• sshd

The installer verifies that the pid.max resource is large enough for all the threads that Vertica creates. We check the contents of:

• /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/verticad.service/pids.max

• /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/vertica_agent.service/pids.max

• /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/sshd.service/pids.max

If these files exist and they fail to include the value max, the installation stops and the installer returns a failure message (code S0340).

If these files do not exist, they are created automatically when the systemd runs the verticad and vertica_agent startup scripts. However, the site's cgroup configuration process managed their default values. Vertica does not change the defaults.

Pre-installation configuration

Before installing Vertica, configure your system as follows:

# Create the following directories:
sudo mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/verticad.service/
sudo mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/vertica_agent.service/
# sshd service dir should already exist, so don't need to create it

# Set pids.max values:
sudo sh -c 'echo "max" > /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/verticad.service/pids.max'
sudo sh -c 'echo "max" > /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/vertica_agent.service/pids.max'
sudo sh -c 'echo "max" > /sys/fs/cgroup/pids/system.slice/sshd.service/pids.max'

Persisting configuration for restart

After installation, you can configure control groups for subsequent reboots of the Vertica database. You do so by editing configuration file /etc/init.d/after.local and adding the commands shown earlier.

3.5.3 - Cron required for scheduled jobs

Admintools uses the Linux cron package to schedule jobs that regularly rotate the database logs. Without this package installed, the database logs will never be rotated. The lack of rotation can lead to a significant consumption of storage for logs. On busy clusters, Vertica can produce hundreds of gigabytes of logs per day.

cron is installed by default on most Linux distributions, but it may not be present on some SUSE 12 systems.

To install cron, run this command:

$ sudo zypper install cron

3.5.4 - Disk readahead

This topic details how to change Disk Readahead to a supported value. Vertica requires that Disk Readahead be set to at least 2048. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0020.

RedHat/CentOS and SuSE based systems

For each drive in the Vertica system, Vertica recommends that you set the readahead value to at least 2048 for most deployments. The command immediately changes the readahead value for the specified disk. The second line adds the command to /etc/rc.local so that the setting is applied each time the system is booted. Note that some deployments may require a higher value and the setting can be set as high as 8192, under guidance of support.

The following example sets the readahead value of the drive sda to 2048:

$ /sbin/blockdev --setra 2048 /dev/sda
$ echo '/sbin/blockdev --setra 2048 /dev/sda' >> /etc/rc.local

If you are using Red Hat 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 or higher, run the following command as root or sudo:

$ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

Ubuntu and debian systems

For each drive in the Vertica system, set the readahead value to 2048. Run the command once in your shell, then add the command to /etc/rc.local so that the setting is applied each time the system is booted. Note that on Ubuntu systems, the last line in rc.local must be "exit 0". So you must manually add the following line to etc/rc.local before the last line with exit 0.

/sbin/blockdev --setra 2048 /dev/sda

3.5.5 - I/O scheduling

This topic details how to change I/O Scheduling to a supported scheduler. Vertica requires that I/O Scheduling be set to deadline or noop. The installer checks what scheduler the system is using, reporting an unsupported scheduler issue with identifier: S0150. If the installer cannot detect the type of scheduler in use (typically if your system is using a RAID array), it reports that issue with identifier: S0151.

If your system is not using a RAID array, then complete the following steps to change your system to a supported I/O Scheduler. If you are using a RAID array, then consult your RAID vendor documentation for the best performing scheduler for your hardware.

Configure the I/O scheduler

The Linux kernel can use several different I/O schedulers to prioritize disk input and output. Most Linux distributions use the Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) scheme by default, which gives input and output requests equal priority. This scheduler is efficient on systems running multiple tasks that need equal access to I/O resources. However, it can create a bottleneck when used on Vertica drives containing the catalog and data directories, because it gives write requests equal priority to read requests, and its per-process I/O queues can penalize processes making more requests than other processes.

Instead of the CFQ scheduler, configure your hosts to use either the Deadline or NOOP I/O scheduler for the drives containing the catalog and data directories:

• The Deadline scheduler gives priority to read requests over write requests. It also imposes a deadline on all requests. After reaching the deadline, such requests gain priority over all other requests. This scheduling method helps prevent processes from becoming starved for I/O access. The Deadline scheduler is best used on physical media drives (disks using spinning platters), since it attempts to group requests for adjacent sectors on a disk, lowering the time the drive spends seeking.

• The NOOP scheduler uses a simple FIFO approach, placing all input and output requests into a single queue. This scheduler is best used on solid state drives (SSDs). Because SSDs do not have a physical read head, no performance penalty exists when accessing non-adjacent sectors.

Failure to use one of these schedulers for the Vertica drives containing the catalog and data directories can result in slower database performance. Other drives on the system (such as the drive containing swap space, log files, or the Linux system files) can still use the default CFQ scheduler (although you should always use the NOOP scheduler for SSDs).

There are two ways for you to set the scheduler used by your disk devices:

1. Write the name of the scheduler to a file in the /sys directory.

   --or--

2. Use a kernel boot parameter.

Configure the I/O scheduler - changing the scheduler through the /sys directory

You can view and change the scheduler Linux uses for I/O requests to a single drive using a virtual file under the /sys directory. The name of the file that controls the scheduler a block device uses is:

/sys/block/deviceName/queue/scheduler

Where deviceName is the name of the disk device, such as sda or cciss\!c0d1 (the first disk on an OpenText RAID array). Viewing the contents of this file shows you all of the possible settings for the scheduler. The currently-selected scheduler is surrounded by square brackets:

# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
noop deadline [cfq]

To change the scheduler, write the name of the scheduler you want the device to use to its scheduler file. You must have root privileges to write to this file. For example, to set the sda drive to use the deadline scheduler, run the following command as root:

# echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
noop [deadline] cfq

Changing the scheduler immediately affects the I/O requests for the device. The Linux kernel starts using the new scheduler for all of the drive's input and output requests.

Changes to the I/O scheduler made through the /sys directory only last until the system is rebooted, so you need to add the commands that change the I/O scheduler to a startup script (such as those stored in /etc/init.d, or though a command in /etc/rc.local). You also need to use a separate command for each drive on the system whose scheduler you want to change.

For example, to make the configuration take effect immediately and add it to rc.local so it is used on subsequent reboots.

echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
echo 'echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler' >> /etc/rc.local

You may prefer to use this method of setting the I/O scheduler over using a boot parameter if your system has a mix of solid-state and physical media drives, or has many drives that do not store Vertica catalog and data directories.

If you are using Red Hat 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 or higher, run the following command as root or sudo:

$ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

Configure the I/O scheduler - changing the scheduler with a boot parameter

Use the elevator kernel boot parameter to change the default scheduler used by all disks on your system. This is the best method to use if most or all of the drives on your hosts are of the same type (physical media or SSD) and will contain catalog or data files. You can also use the boot parameter to change the default to the scheduler the majority of the drives on the system need, then use the /sys files to change individual drives to another I/O scheduler. The format of the elevator boot parameter is:

elevator=schedulerName

Where schedulerName is deadline, noop, or cfq. You set the boot parameter using your bootloader (grub or grub2 on most recent Linux distributions). See your distribution's documentation for details on how to add a kernel boot parameter.

3.5.6 - Enabling or disabling transparent hugepages

You can modify transparent hugepages to meet Vertica configuration requirements:

• For Red Hat 7/CentOS 7 and Amazon Linux 2.0, you must enable transparent hugepages. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0312.

• For Red Hat 8/CentOS 8 and SUSE 15.1, Vertica provides recommended settings to optimize your system performance by workload.

• For all other systems, you must disable transparent hugepages or set them to madvise. The installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0310.

Recommended settings by workload for red hat 8/CentOS 8 and SUSE 15.1

Vertica recommends transparent hugepages settings to optimize performance by workload. The following table contains recommendations for systems that primarily run concurrent queries (such as short-running dashboard queries), or sequential SELECT or load (COPY) queries:

See Enabling or disabling defrag for additional settings that optimize your system performance by workload.

Enabling transparent hugepages on red hat 7/8, CentOS 7/8, SUSE 15.1, and Amazon Linux 2.0

Determine if transparent hugepages is enabled. To do so, run the following command.

cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
[always] madvise never

The setting returned in brackets is your current setting.

For systems that do not support /etc/rc.local, use the equivalent startup script that is run after the destination runlevel has been reached. For example SuSE uses /etc/init.d/after.local.

You can enable transparent hugepages by editing /etc/rc.local and adding the following script:

if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
    echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
fi

You must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or, as root, run the following echo line to proceed with the install without rebooting:

# echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

If you are using Red Hat 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 or higher, run the following command as root or sudo:

$ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

Disabling transparent hugepages on other systems

To determine if transparent hugepages is enabled, run the following command.

cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
[always] madvise never

The setting returned in brackets is your current setting. Depending on your platform OS, the madvise setting may not be displayed.

You can disable transparent hugepages one of two ways:

• Edit your boot loader (for example /etc/grub.conf). Typically, you add the following to the end of the kernel line. However, consult the documentation for your system before editing your bootloader configuration.

  transparent_hugepage=never
  

• Edit /etc/rc.local (on systems that support rc.local) and add the following script.

  if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
     echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
  fi
  

For systems that do not support /etc/rc.local, use the equivalent startup script that is run after the destination runlevel has been reached. For example SuSE uses /etc/init.d/after.local.

Regardless of which approach you choose, you must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or run the following two echo lines to proceed with the install without rebooting:

echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

3.5.7 - Check for swappiness

The swappiness kernel parameter defines the amount, and how often, the kernel copies RAM contents to a swap space. Vertica recommends a value of 0. The installer reports any swappiness issues with identifier S0112.

You can check the swappiness value by running the following command:

$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

To set the swappiness value add or update the following line in /etc/sysctl.conf:

vm.swappiness = 0

This also ensures that the value persists after a reboot.

If necessary, you change the swappiness value at runtime by logging in as root and running the following:

$ echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

3.5.8 - Enabling network time protocol (NTP)

The network time protocol (NTP) daemon must be running on all of the hosts in the cluster so that their clocks are synchronized. The spread daemon relies on all of the nodes to have their clocks synchronized for timing purposes. If your nodes do not have NTP running, the installation can fail with a spread configuration error or other errors.

Verify that NTP is running

To verify that your hosts are configured to run the NTP daemon on startup, enter the following command:

$ chkconfig --list ntpd

Debian and Ubuntu do not support chkconfig, but they do offer an optional package. You can install this package with the command sudo apt-get install sysv-rc-conf. To verify that your hosts are configured to run the NTP daemon on startup with the sysv-rc-conf utility, enter the following command:

$ sysv-rc-conf --list ntpd

The chkconfig command can produce an error similar to ntpd: unknown service. If you get this error, verify that your Linux distribution refers to the NTP daemon as ntpd rather than ntp. If it does not, you need to install the NTP daemon package before you can configure it. Consult your Linux documentation for instructions on how to locate and install packages.

If the NTP daemon is installed, your output should resemble the following:

ntp 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off

The output indicates the runlevels where the daemon runs. Verify that the current runlevel of the system (usually 3 or 5) has the NTP daemon set to on. If you do not know the current runlevel, you can find it using the runlevel command:

$ runlevel
N 3

Configure NTP for red hat 6/CentOS 6 and SLES

If your system is based on Red Hat 6/CentOS 6 or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, use the service and chkconfig utilities to start NTP and have it start at startup.

$ /sbin/service ntpd restart
$ /sbin/chkconfig ntpd on

• Red Hat 6/CentOS 6—NTP uses the default time servers at ntp.org. You can change the default NTP servers by editing /etc/ntpd.conf.

• SLES—By default, no time servers are configured. You must edit /etc/ntpd.conf after the install completes and add time servers.

Configure NTP for ubuntu and debian

By default, the NTP daemon is not installed on some Ubuntu and Debian systems. First, install NTP, and then start the NTP process. You can change the default NTP servers by editing /etc/ntpd.confas shown:

$ sudo apt-get install ntp
$ sudo /etc/init.d/ntp reload

Verify that NTP is operating correctly

To verify that the Network Time Protocol Daemon (NTPD) is operating correctly, issue the following command on all nodes in the cluster.

For Red Hat 6/CentOS 6 and SLES:

$ /usr/sbin/ntpq -c rv | grep stratum

For Ubuntu and Debian:

$ ntpq -c rv | grep stratum

A stratum level of 16 indicates that NTP is not synchronizing correctly.

If a stratum level of 16 is detected, wait 15 minutes and issue the command again. It may take this long for the NTP server to stabilize.

If NTP continues to detect a stratum level of 16, verify that the NTP port (UDP Port 123) is open on all firewalls between the cluster and the remote machine to which you are attempting to synchronize.

Red hat documentation related to NTP

The preceding links were current as of the last publication of the Vertica documentation and could change between releases.

• http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/docs/DOC-6731

• http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/docs/DOC-6902

• http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/docs/DOC-6991

3.5.9 - Enabling chrony or ntpd for red hat 7/CentOS 7 systems

Before you can install Vertica, you must enable one of the following on your system for clock synchronization:

• chrony

• NTPD

You must enable and activate the Network Time Protocol (NTP) before installation. Otherwise, the installer reports this issue with the identifier S0030.

For information on installing and using chrony, see the information below. For information on NTPD see Enabling network time protocol (NTP). For more information about chrony, see Using chrony in the Red Hat documentation.

Install chrony

The chrony suite consists of:

• chronyd - the daemon for clock synchronization.

• chronyc - the command-line utility for configuring chronyd .

chrony is installed by default on some versions of Red Hat/CentOS 7. However, if chrony is not installed on your system, you must download it. To download chrony, run the following command as sudo or root:

# yum install chrony

Verify that chrony is running

To view the status of the chronyd daemon, run the following command:

$ systemctl status chronyd

If chrony is running, an output similar to the following appears:

chronyd.service - NTP client/server
    Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled)
    Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-07-06 16:29:54 EDT; 15s ago
Main PID: 2530 (chronyd)
    CGroup: /system.slice/chronyd.service
            ââ2530 /usr/sbin/chronyd -u chrony

If chrony is not running, execute the following command as sudo or root. This command also causes chrony to run at boot time:

# systemctl enable chronyd

Verify that chrony is operating correctly

To verify that the chrony daemon is operating correctly, issue the following command on all nodes in the cluster:

$ chronyc tracking

An output similar to the following appears:

Reference ID    : 198.247.63.98 (time01.website.org)
Stratum         : 3
Ref time (UTC)  : Thu Jul  9 14:58:01 2015
System time     : 0.000035685 seconds slow of NTP time
Last offset     : -0.000151098 seconds
RMS offset      : 0.000279871 seconds
Frequency       : 2.085 ppm slow
Residual freq   : -0.013 ppm
Skew            : 0.185 ppm
Root delay      : 0.042370 seconds
Root dispersion : 0.022658 seconds
Update interval : 1031.0 seconds
Leap status     : Normal

A stratum level of 16 indicates that chrony is not synchronizing correctly. If chrony continues to detect a stratum level of 16, verify that the UDP port 323 is open. This port must be open on all firewalls between the cluster and the remote machine to which you are attempting to synchronize.

3.5.10 - SELinux configuration

Vertica does not support SELinux except when SELinux is running in permissive mode. If it detects that SELinux is installed and the mode cannot be determined the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0080. If the mode can be determined, and the mode is not permissive, then the issue is reported with the identifier: S0081.

Red hat and SUSE systems

You can either disable SELinux or change it to use permissive mode.

To disable SELinux:

1. Edit /etc/selinux/config and change setting for SELinux to disabled (SELINUX=disabled). This disables SELinux at boot time.

2. As root/sudo, type setenforce 0 to disable SELinux immediately.

To change SELinux to use permissive mode:

1. Edit /etc/selinux/config and change setting for SELINUX to permissive (SELINUX=Permissive).

2. As root/sudo, type setenforce Permissive to switch to permissive mode immediately.

Ubuntu and debian systems

You can either disable SELinux or change it to use permissive mode.

To disable SELinux:

1. Edit /selinux/config and change setting for SELinux to disabled (SELINUX=disabled). This disables SELinux at boot time.

2. As root/sudo, type setenforce 0 to disable SELinux immediately.

To change SELinux to use permissive mode:

1. Edit /selinux/config and change setting for SELinux to permissive (SELINUX=Permissive).

2. As root/sudo, type setenforce Permissive to switch to permissive mode immediately.

3.5.11 - CPU frequency scaling

This topic details the various CPU frequency scaling methods supported by Vertica. In general, if you do not require CPU frequency scaling, then disable it so as not to impact system performance.

The installer allows CPU frequency scaling to be enabled when the cpufreq scaling governor is set to performance. If the cpu scaling governor is set to ondemand, and ignore_nice_load is 1 (true), then the installer fails with the error S0140. If the cpu scaling governor is set to ondemand and ignore_nice_load is 0 (false), then the installer warns with the identifier S0141.

CPU frequency scaling is a hardware and software feature that helps computers conserve energy by slowing the processor when the system load is low, and speeding it up again when the system load increases. This feature can impact system performance, since raising the CPU frequency in response to higher system load does not occur instantly. Always disable this feature on the Vertica database hosts to prevent it from interfering with performance.

You disable CPU scaling in your host's system BIOS. There may be multiple settings in your host's BIOS that you need to adjust in order to completely disable CPU frequency scaling. Consult your host hardware's documentation for details on entering the system BIOS and disabling CPU frequency scaling.

If you cannot disable CPU scaling through the system BIOS, you can limit the impact of CPU scaling by disabling the scaling through the Linux kernel or setting the CPU frequency governor to always run the CPU at full speed.

The method you use to disable frequency depends on the CPU scaling method being used in the Linux kernel. See your Linux distribution's documentation for instructions on disabling scaling in the kernel or changing the CPU governor.

3.5.12 - Enabling or disabling defrag

You can modify the defrag utility to meet Vertica configuration requirements, or to optimize your system performance by workload.

On all Red Hat/CentOS systems, you must disable the defrag utility to meet Vertica configuration requirements.

For SUSE 15.1, Vertica recommends that you enable defrag for optimized performance.

Recommended settings by workload for red hat 8/CentOS 8 and SUSE 15.1

Vertica recommends defrag settings to optimize performance by workload. The following table contains recommendations for systems that primarily run concurrent queries (such as short-running dashboard queries), or sequential SELECT or load (COPY) queries:

See Enabling or disabling transparent hugepages for additional settings that optimize your system performance by workload.

Disabling defrag on red hat 6/CentOS 6 systems

1. Determine if defrag is enabled by running the following command:

   cat /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/defrag
   [always] madvise never
   

   The setting returned in brackets is your current setting. If you are not using madvise or never as your defrag setting, then you must disable defrag.

2. Edit /etc/rc.local, and add the following script:

   if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
       echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/defrag
   fi
   

   You must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or run the following echo line to proceed with the install without rebooting:

   # echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/defrag
   

Disabling defrag on red hat 7/CentOS 7, red hat 8/CentOS 8, and SUSE 15.1

1. Determine if defrag is enabled by running the following command:

   cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   [always] madvise never
   

   The setting returned in brackets is your current setting. If you are not using madvise or never as your defrag setting, then you must disable defrag.

2. Edit /etc/rc.local, and add the following script:

   if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
       echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   fi
   

   You must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or run the following echo line to proceed with the install without rebooting:

   # echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   

3. If you are using Red Hat 7.0/CentOS 7.0 or Red Hat 8.0/CentOS 8.0, run the following command as root or sudo:

   $ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
   

Enabling defrag on red hat 7/8, CentOS 7/8, and SUSE 15.1

1. Determine if defrag is enabled by running the following command:

   cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   [never] madvise never
   

   The setting returned in brackets is your current setting. If you are not using madvise or always as your defrag setting, then you must enable defrag.

2. Edit /etc/rc.local, and add the following script:

   if test -f /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled; then
       echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   fi
   

   You must reboot your system for the setting to take effect, or run the following echo line to proceed with the install without rebooting:

   # echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
   

3. If you are using Red Hat 7.0/CentOS 7.0 or Red Hat 8.0/CentOS 8.0, run the following command as root or sudo:

   $ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
   

3.5.13 - Support tools

Vertica suggests that the following tools are installed so support can assist in troubleshooting your system if any issues arise:

• pstack (or gstack) package. Identified by issue S0040 when not installed.

  • On Red Hat 7 and CentOS 7 systems, the pstack package is installed as part of the gdb package.

• mcelog package. Identified by issue S0041 when not installed.

• sysstat package. Identified by issue S0045 when not installed.

Red hat 6 and CentOS 6 systems

To install the required tools on Red Hat 6 and CentOS 6 systems, run the following commands as sudo or root:

yum install pstack
yum install mcelog
yum install sysstat

Red hat 7 and CentOS 7 systems

To install the required tools on Red Hat 7/CentOS 7 systems, run the following commands as sudo or root:

yum install gdb
yum install mcelog
yum install sysstat

Ubuntu and debian systems

To install the required tools on Ubuntu and Debian systems, run the following commands as sudo or root:

apt-get install pstack
apt-get install mcelog
apt-get install sysstat

SuSE systems

To install the required tools on SuSE systems, run the following commands as sudo or root.

zypper install sysstat
zypper install mcelog

There is no individual SuSE package for pstack/gstack. However, the gdb package contains gstack, so you could optionally install gdb instead, or build pstack/gstack from source. To install the gdb package:

zypper install gdb

3.6 - System user configuration

The following tasks pertain to the configuration of the system user required by Vertica.

3.6.1 - System user requirements

Vertica has specific requirements for the system user that runs and manages Vertica. If you specify a user during install, but the user does not exist, then the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0200.

System user requirement details

Vertica requires a system user to own database files and run database processes and administration scripts. By default, the install script automatically configures and creates this user for you with the username dbadmin. See About Linux users created by Vertica and their privileges for details on the default user created by the install script. If you decide to manually create your own system user, then you must create the user before you run the install script. If you manually create the user:

• the user must have the same username and password on all nodes

• the user must use the BASH shell as the user's default shell. If not, then the installer reports this issue with identifier [S0240].

• the user must be in the verticadba group (for example: usermod -a -G verticadba userNameHere). If not, the installer reports this issue with identifier [S0220].

  Note

  You must create a verticadba group on all nodes. If you do not, then the installer reports the issue with identifier [S0210].

• the user's login group must be either verticadba or a group with the same name as the user (for example, the home group for dbadmin is dbadmin). You can check the groups for a user with the id command. For example: id dbadmin. The "gid" group is the user's primary group. If this is not configured correctly then the installer reports this issue with the identifier [S0230]. Vertica recommends that you use verticadba as the user's primary login group. For example: usermod -g verticadba userNameHere. If the user's primary group is not verticadba as suggested, then the installer reports this with HINT [S0231].

• the user must have a home directory. If not, then the installer reports this issue with identifier [S0260].

• the user's home directory must be owned by the user. If not, then the installer reports the issue with identifier [S0270].

• the system must be aware of the user's home directory (you can set it with the usermod command: usermod -m -d /path/to/new/home/dir userNameHere). If this is not configured correctly then the installer reports the issue with [S0250].

• the user's home directory must be owned by the dbadmin's primary group (use the chown and chgrp commands if necessary). If this is not configured correctly, then the installer reports the issue with identifier [S0280].

• the user's home directory should have secure permissions. Specifically, it should not be writable by anyone or by the group. Ideally the permissions should be, when viewing with ls, "---" (nothing), or "r-x" (read and execute). If this is not configured as suggested then the installer reports this with HINT [S0290].

3.6.2 - TZ environment variable

This topic details how to set or change the TZ environment variable and update your tzdata package. If this variable is not set, then the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0305.

Before installing Vertica, update the tzdata package for your system and set the default time zone for your database administrator account by specifying the TZ environmental variable. If your database administrator is being created by the install_vertica script, then set the TZ variable after you have installed Vertica.

Update tzdata package

The tzdata package is a public-domain time zone database that is pre-installed on most Linux systems. The tzdata package is updated periodically for time-zone changes across the world. OpenText recommends that you update to the latest tzdata package before installing or updating Vertica.

Update your tzdata package with the following command:

• RedHat based systems: yum update tzdata

• Debian and Ubuntu systems: apt-get install tzdata

Setting the default time zone

When a client receives the result set of a SQL query, all rows contain data adjusted, if necessary, to the same time zone. That time zone is the default time zone of the initiator node unless the client explicitly overrides it using the SQL SET TIME ZONE command described in the SQL Reference Manual. The default time zone of any node is controlled by the TZ environment variable. If TZ is undefined, the operating system time zone.

If your operating system timezone is not set to the desired timezone of the database then make sure that the Linux environment variable TZ is set to the desired value on all cluster hosts.

The installer returns a warning if the TZ variable is not set. If your operating system timezone is appropriate for your database, then the operating system timezone is used and the warning can be safely ignored.

Setting the time zone on a host

You can set the time zone several different ways, depending on the Linux distribution or the system administrator’s preferences.

• To set the system time zone on Red Hat and SUSE Linux systems, edit:

  /etc/sysconfig/clock
  

• To set the TZ variable, edit, /etc/profile, or /home/dbadmin/.bashrc or /home/dbadmin/.bash_profile and add the following line (for example, for the US Eastern Time Zone):

  export TZ="America/New_York"
  

  For details on which timezone names are recognized by Vertica, see the appendix: Using time zones with Vertica.

3.6.3 - LANG environment variable settings

This topic details how to set or change the LANG environment variable. The LANG environment variable controls the locale of the host. If this variable is not set, then the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0300. If this variable is not set to a valid value, then the installer reports this issue with the identifier: S0301.

Set the host locale

Each host has a system setting for the Linux environment variable LANG. LANG determines the locale category for native language, local customs, and coded character set in the absence of the LC_ALL and other LC_ environment variables. LANG can be used by applications to determine which language to use for error messages and instructions, collating sequences, date formats, and so forth.

To change the LANG setting for the database administrator, edit, /etc/profile, or /dbadmin/.bashrc or /home/dbadmin/.bash_profile on all cluster hosts and set the environment variable; for example:

export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

The LANG setting controls the following in Vertica:

• OS-level errors and warnings, for example, "file not found" during COPY operations.

• Some formatting functions, such as TO_CHAR and TO_NUMBER. See also Template patterns for numeric formatting.

The LANG setting does not control the following:

• Vertica specific error and warning messages. These are always in English at this time.

• Collation of results returned by SQL issued to Vertica. This must be done using a database parameter instead. See Implement locales for international data sets section for details.

3.6.4 - Package dependencies

For successful Vertica installation, you must first install three packages on all nodes in your cluster before installing the database platform.

The required packages are:

• openssh—Required for Administration tools connectivity between nodes.

• which—Required for Vertica operating system integration and for validating installations.

• dialog—Required for interactivity with Administration Tools.

Installing the required packages

The procedure you follow to install the required packages depends on the operating system on which your node or cluster is running. See your operating system's documentation for detailed information on installing packages.

• For CentOS/Red Hat Systems—Typically, you manage packages on Red Hat and CentOS systems using the yum utility.

  Run the following yum commands to install each of the package dependencies. The yum utility guides you through the installation:

  # yum install openssh
  # yum install which
  # yum install dialog
  

• For Debian/Ubuntu Systems—Typically, you use the apt-get utility to manage packages on Debian and Ubuntu systems.

  Run the following apt-get commands to install each of the package dependencies. The apt-get utility guides you through the installation:

  
  # apt-get install openssh
  # apt-get install which
  # apt-get install dialog
  

4 - Specifying disk storage location during installation

You can specify the disk storage location when you:

• Install Vertica (see below).

• Create a database using the Administration Tools.

• Installing Management Console

Specifying disk storage location when you install

When you install Vertica, the --data-dir parameter in the install_vertica script lets you specify a directory to contain database data and catalog files. The script defaults to the database administrator's default home directory /home/dbadmin.

Requirements

• The data and catalog directory must exist on each node in the cluster.

• The directory on each node must be owned by the database administrator

• Catalog and data path names must contain only alphanumeric characters and cannot have leading space characters. Failure to comply with these restrictions will result in database creation failure.

• Vertica refuses to overwrite a directory if it appears to be in use by another database. Therefore, if you created a database for evaluation purposes, dropped the database, and want to reuse the database name, make sure that the disk storage location previously used has been completely cleaned up. See Managing storage locations for details.